Cellular Respiration and Photosynthesis Cell Parts Group 6: Lee Longley, Kathie Jiang, Cooper Schulz, Galia Shakked Cellular Respiration and Photosynthesis

Cellular Respiration C6H12O6 + 6 O2 → 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + Energy Cellular respiration is the process that releases energy by breaking down glucose and other food molecules in the presence of oxygen.         

Anaerobic Respiration Does not require oxygen Occurs in cytoplasm Includes glycolysis and fermentation

Glycolysis Process in which one molecule of glucose is broken in half, producing two molecules of pyruvic acid and a net gain of 2 ATP molecules. Input: Glucose Output: 2 ATP, 2 pyruvates

Fermentation Fermentation releases energy from food molecules by producing ATP in the absence of oxygen. Input: pyruvates Output: ethyl alcohol/lactic acid, CO2,NAD+ Alcoholic Fermentation: pyruvic acid + NADH →  Alcohol + CO2 + NAD+ Lactic Acid Fermentation: pyruvic acid + NADH → lactic acid + NAD+

Aerobic Respiration Requires oxygen Takes place in mitochondria Includes Krebs Cycle (citric acid cycle) and Electron Transport Chain

Krebs Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle) During the Krebs cycle, pyruvic acid is broken down into carbon dioxide in a series of energy-extracting reactions. It occurs in the matrix of mitochondria. Input: 2 pyruvates Output: 4 CO2 , 2 ATP, some NADH, FADH

Electron Transport System (Chain) The electron transport system uses the high-energy electrons from the Krebs cycle to convert ADP to ATP. It occurs in the cristae of the mitochondria, and produces the most ATP. Net gain: 32 ATP Input: 6O2 Output: 6H2O (including glycolysis [2 ATP] + Krebs cycle [2 ATP]: 36 ATP)

Photosynthesis Photosynthesis is the process of using the energy of sunlight to convert water and carbon dioxide into high energy carbohydrates and oxygen. Photosynthesis is only used by light dependent plants and other photosynthetic eukaryotes. It is their main source of energy.

Where Photosynthesis Occurs Photosynthesis occurs in the cells chloroplasts. They contain saclike photosynthetic membranes called thylakoids. These are arranged in stacks called grana and absorb water and the energy from the sun to output oxygen, ATP, and NADPH. The oxygen is released from the cell, and the energy is then used for the Calvin Cycle.

Calvin Cycle After energy from the chloroplasts is made, it is then used in the Calvin Cycle to produce high-energy sugars. The ATP and NADPH is used to build high- energy compounds that can store more energy for a longer period of time. Input: 6CO2, 12 ATP, 12 NADPH Output: Two 3-Carbon molecules

Factors Affecting Photosynthesis A shortage of water can slow or stop photosynthesis Photosynthesis depends on enzymes that function best at temperatures between 0°C and 35°C The intensity of light also affects the rate of photosynthesis. A higher intensity increases the rate, but eventually levels off at the plants maximum rate of photosynthesis

Comparing Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration   Photosynthesis Cellular Respiration Where Chloroplasts Mitochondria When Presence of light All the Time Input CO2, H2O Glucose & O2 Output Energy Source Light Chemical Bonds Energy Result Energy Stored Energy Released Animal or Plant? Plants only Both

Energy Storage Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is the main chemical compound that stores and releases energy. It consists of adenine, ribose, and three phosphate groups Adenine Phosphate Ribose

ATP and ADP Energy To release energy, ATP breaks off one phosphate group. ADP is ATP with one less phosphate group, and has less energy than ATP. Cells only have enough ATP for a few seconds of activity, as it stores very little energy.

Question Time!

1. What is the principal pigment in plants? A.Chlorophyll B.Chloroplasts C.Chloroform D.Biomass

2. Where do light-dependent reactions occur? A.Chloroplasts B.Cell Wall C.Chlorophyll D.Cytoplasm

3. What are the inputs of the Calvin Cycle? A. ATP and NADPH B. Sunlight C. Oxygen D. Ozone

4. What is a calorie? The amount of energy needed to raise the temperature of 100 grams of water 50 degrees Celsius. Bad for your health. A chemical compound that stores and releases energy. The amount of energy needed to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water 1 degree Celsius.

5. What are the inputs of Glycolysis? Pyruvic Acid ATP Glucose Noodles

6. Which of the following is not a part of a mitochondrion? Matrix Cristae Inner Membrane Granum

7. Which of these doesn’t perform cellular respiration? Polar bear A ship Turtles Panda

8. The Krebs Cycle takes place in the… Atmosphere Matrix Stove Cristae

9. What makes the most ATP? Cellular Respiration Photosynthesis Electron Transport System Monsters, Inc.

10. Which of the following is not an example of fermentation? Kimchi Alcohol Bread Yeast Tomatoes

Answers! A. D. C. B.