Tal Lavian Course Number: Wireless Mobile Devices – Systems and Architectures

Contents 2 Wireless Mobile Devices Market Directions System Architecture Device Architecture Other Devices Architecture Differences – PC and Wireless Mobile Devices Operating Systems Application Store Google’s Android Apple’s iOS Summary

What is Wireless Communication? 3 Any form of communication that does not require the transmitter and receiver to be in physical contact Electromagnetic wave propagated through free-space  Radar, RF, Microwave, IR, Optical

Electromagnetic Spectrum 4 From: imagine.gsfc.nasa.gov.docs

Wireless Mobile Devices

Market directions 6

Market directions (contd.) 7

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Marketi directions (contd.) 10

Market directions (contd.) 11

Market directions (contd.) 12

Characteristics of Wireless Mobile Devices 13 Wireless  Limited bandwidth, high latency  Variable link quality (noise, disconnections, other users)  Heterogeneous air interfaces Mobility:  User and terminal location dynamically changes  Speed of terminal mobility impacts wireless bandwidth Portability  Limited battery capacity, computing and storage  Small dimensions More Signal Processing More Protocol Processing Higher Energy Efficiency

Wireless – Pros and Cons 14 Pros  Flexibility & mobility  Goal: Anytime, anywhere, any service  Broad geography support at specific frequency  Can compliment a wired network  Convenience (Easy-to-Use and Simple to Install)  Can easily setup in disaster situations or office moves Cons  Relatively expensive  Distance limits & wall attenuation (150ft barrier)  Security must be addressed  Prone to narrowband interference. Also, other users create interference

Wireless Network Technology 15

Wireless Technologies 16 HiperLAN UMTS / Cellular a DS & FH b DS HomeRF 10m 30m 100m >400 m Bluetooth 0, Mbit/s Wireless Local Area Multimedia Wireless Local Area Broadband Wireless Wide Area coverage Wireless Local Area High Speed Short range connectivity for portables

Cellular System Architecture 17 Source:

Cellular System Architecture 18 MTSO HL R VLR HL R VLR To other MTSOs PSTN Source: Each cell is served by a Base Terminal Station (BTS). Each BTS is connected to a Mobile Switching Center (MTSO) through fixed links. Each MTSO is connected to other MTSOs and PSTN (Public Switched Telephone Network).

Wireless Telephone Technology Evolution The 2 nd Generation (2G) 19 Source: Second generation 2G cellular telecom networks were commercially launched on the GSM standard in Finland by Radiolinja in Benefits over their predecessors: o The phone conversations were digitally encrypted. o 2G systems were significantly more efficient on the spectrum allowing for far greater mobile phone penetration levels. o 2G introduced data services for mobile, starting with SMS text messages.

Wireless Telephone Technology Evolution The 3 rd Generation (3G) 20 3rd generation mobile telecommunications is a generation of standards for mobile phones and mobile telecommunication services. Its main services include: o Wide-area wireless voice telephone. o Mobile Internet access. o Video calls and mobile TV, all in a mobile environment. Source:

Wireless Telephone Technology Evolution The 4 th Generation (4G) 21 4G is the fourth generation of cellular wireless standards. A 4G system provides mobile ultra-broadband Internet access, for example to laptop computer wireless modems, smart phones, and other mobile devices. Facilities also include IP telephony, gaming services, high- definition mobile TV, video conferencing, and other streamed multimedia that may be provided to users. Source:

Wi-MAX and LTE Architectures 22 Source: WiMAX a short name for Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access can be referred to as a technology for wirelessly delivering high-speed Internet service to large specific areas. The previous WiMAX revision provided bit rates up to 40 Mbit/s and the latest revision in 2011 has provided us with 1 Gbit/s bit rate for fixed devices and ports. It is a part of the 4G, of wireless communication technology. 3GPP Long Term Evolution, also known as LTE, is used for high-speed data for mobile phones and other communication ports. The LTE system consists of two networks:  E-UTRAN  Evolved Packet Core (EPC). Both of them result in a system with high simplicity including increased scalability and efficiency, and a design optimized to support IP-based services.

Smartphones – what are they? 23 Small size, light weight, easily fitting in palm and pocket Display screen with touch input and small virtual key board Also known as portable handheld device or handheld device (e.g. Smartphone, PDAs etc.)

Device Architecture 24 Small device Weight Screen Size and Interface Memory Processor Battery Hardware components Camera SIM FM radio GPS Wi-Fi and Bluetooth Other features

Connectivity 25 Generati on DefinitionSpeed Technolog y Features 2GDigital Narrow band circuit data 9.6/14.4 Kbps TDMA,CDMA2G capabilities are achieved by allowing multiple users on a single channel via multiplexing. During 2G Cellular phones are used for data also along with voice. 3GDigital Broadband Packet Data 3.1 Mbps (peak) Kbps CDMA 2000 (1xRTT, EVDO) UMTS, EDGE 3G has Multimedia services support along with streaming are more popular. In 3G, Universal access and portability across different device types are made possible. (Telephones, PDA’s, etc.) 3.5GPacket Data14.4 Mbps (peak) 1-3 Mbps HSPA3.5G supports higher throughput and speeds to support higher data needs of the consumers 4GDigital Broadband Packet(All IP) Mbps (peak) 3-5 Mbps WiMax LTE Wi-Fi Speeds for 4G are further increased to keep up with data access demand used by various services. High definition streaming is now supported in 4G

Screen Comparison 26

Architectural Differences 27 PC and Wireless Mobile Devices Source:

Architectural Differences 28 Insufficient Bandwidth Security Power Consumption Transmission Interferences Human Interfaces Mobility Significantly different from PCs

Other devices 29 What are they? Tablets, e-book readers, notebooks etc. Tablet computers (or simply tablets) are devices which are pretty close to smartphones with a major difference in screen size. Apple’s tablet called iPad comes in two variations: iPad WiFi and iPad WiFi+3G. Apple released a new Tablet iPad3 in March 2012 with 4G LTE compatibility. Samsung’s tablet called Galaxy Tab is a close competitor for iPad. Galaxy Tab comes in three variations ‘Galaxy Tab 7.0 Plus’, ‘Galaxy Tab 10.1’ and ‘Galaxy Tab’

Smartphones - history 30 Company/ Vendor ModelReleasedOperating System (OS) IBMSimon1993- Nokia, Hewlett- Packard Nokia PalmKyocera Palm-based OS RIMBlackBerry2002BlackBerry OS AppleiPhone2007iOS Samsung, Sony, HT, Motorola Different models2008Google’s Android SamsungOwn model2009Bada

Mobile OS 31 Major Mobile Operating Systems (OS)

Mobile OS - Apps 32 Each mobile OS has its own application store Users access application (App) via wireless networks Apps are mostly developed by third parties

Mobile OS – Apps (contd.) 33 Apple’s iTunes is the biggest App store with approximately 500,000 Apps and then follows Android’s App store Google Play (Earlier Android Market) with close to 450,000 Apps. Windows has a small App store with the name ‘Windows Marketplace for Mobile’ where windows mobile users can download from a limited apps (close to 30,000). RIM maintains an App store for its BlackBerry mobiles with the name ‘BlackBerry App World’.

Android 34 Background Android is Linux based mobile OS for mobile devices such as Tablets and Smartphones. In 2005 Google acquired the initial developer of the OS, Android Inc. Then in 2007 Google formed an Open Handset Alliance with 86 hardware, software and telecom companies. This alliance developed and announced Android as an open source mobile OS under the Apache License. Now this OS is being used by multiple device manufacturers in their handsets, few of them are Samsung, Motorola, HTC, LG, Sony etc. Android developer community has large number of developers preparing APPs in Java environment and the APP store ‘Google Play’ now has close to 450,000 APPs, among which few are free and others are paid. It is estimated that till December 2011 almost 10B APPs are downloaded. It is estimated that s of February 2012 there are over 300M Android devices and approximately 850,000 Android devices are activated every day. The earliest recognizable Android version is 2.3 Gingerbread which has support for SIP and NFC. In 2011 Android Honeycomb version (3.1 and 3.2) are released with focus on Tablets. This is mainly focused on large screen devices.

Android (contd.) 35 Main features Handset layouts – compatible with different handset designs such as larger, VGA, 2D graphics library, 3D graphics library based Storage – a lightweight relational database, is used for data storage Connectivity - GSM/EDGE, IDEN, CDMA, EV-DO, UMTS, Bluetooth, Wi-Fi, LTE, NFC and WiMAX Messaging – SMS, MMS, threaded text messaging and Android Cloud To Device Messaging (C2DM) Multiple language support Web browser Java support Media support Streaming media support Additional hardware support Multi-touch Bluetooth Video calling Multitasking Voice based features Tethering Screen capture External storage Android 4.0 Ice Cream Sandwich Released in October 2011, with new features such as facial recognition, network data usage monitoring and control, unified social networking contacts.

Android (contd.) 36 Google owns a trademark for Android – anyone has to take Google’s permission to use Android’s trademark In 2011 Microsoft announced it has made an agreement with Android device manufacturers and collects fees from them including Samsung and HTC. Android’s source code is available under Apache License version 2.0. The Linux kernel changes are available under the GNU General Public License version 2. Google faced many patent lawsuits against Android such as by Oracle in 2006 that included patents US and US

Android (contd.) 37 In August 2011, Google has taken the strategic step of purchasing Motorola Mobility for saving Android from dying down because of lawsuits by Apple, Oracle and Microsoft. Also in December 2011 Google acquired approximately thousand patents from IBM for saving Android OS.

iOS 38 About Apple’s Proprietary Mobile OS – iOS iOS is Apple’s proprietary mobile operating system initially developed for iPhone and now extended to iPAD, iPod Touch and Apple TV. Initially known as iPhone OS, in June 2010 it is renamed as iOS. iOS is not enabled for cross licensing, it can only be used on Apple’s devices. The user interface of iOS is based on the concept of usage of multi touch gestures. iOS is a Unix based OS. iOS uses four abstraction layers namely: the Core OS layer, the Core Services layer, the Media layer, and the Cocoa Touch layer. Apple’s App store contains close to 550,000 applications as of March It is estimated that the APPs are downloaded 25B times till now. First version of iOS is released in 2007 with the mane ‘OS X’ and then in 2008 the first beta version of ‘iPhone OS’ is released. In 2007 September Apple released first iPod Touch that also used this OS. In 2010 iPad is released that has a bigger screen than the iPod and iPhone. Cisco has the trademark for ‘IOS’ since long time and Apple licensed the usage of ‘iOS’ from Cisco to avoid any problems.

iOS (contd.) 39 Main features Home screen Folders Notification Center Default APPs Multitasking Switching applications Game Centre

Summary 40 The above information proved how important is the smartphone in daily life of vast range of humans ranging from business persons, academic people, individual users etc. Primary reasons behind investing lot of money in mobile computing: o Opens a lot of opportunities in mobile computing and programming o Generating revenue by pay per click Mobile device could end the use of credit cards and debit cards, e.g., in shopping stores through using NFC or Google wallet. The mobile devices can be used for different applications such as remotely controlling home appliances, PC, vehicles, TVs etc. The history of evolution of mobile device technology speaks a lot about the future trends and trade offs which will be achieved in due course of time. Number of patent lawsuits are increasing day by day for showing the company’s strength in terms of technology and protection of that technology by using patents. Companies have to slow down their competitors from going for Lawsuits.