ABO Blood Groups Rhesus Factor +-

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Presentation transcript:

ABO Blood Groups Rhesus Factor +- Blood Types ABO Blood Groups Rhesus Factor +-

Why are blood types important? Blood transfusion A blood transfusion creating a wrong combination of donor-patient blood types could result in the death of the patient. Furthermore a wrong combination donor-patient of the Rhesus factor could also provoke a rejection from the patient’s body and result in death.

Blood Types History Karl Landsteiner (1900) found out that the blood of two people under contact agglutinates. As a result he succeeded (1901) in identifying the three blood groups A, B and 0, of human blood. He won the Nobel Prize for this. Based on his findings, in 1907 the first successful blood transfusion was performed at Mount Sinai Hospital in New York.

The Rhesus Factor D Individuals either have, or do not have, the Rhesus factor (or Rh D antigen) on the surface of their red blood cells. This is usually indicated by "RhD positive" or "RhD negative" suffix to the ABO blood type. The Rhesus system is named after the Rhesus Macaque, following experiments by Karl Landsteiner and Alexander S. Wiener

Rhesus Macaque

Reminder, Immune System The body is able to attack and destroy “invading” cells This is called an immune response We all have Antibodies proteins that recognize and attack foreign (outsiders) molecules.

Immune System In order for our own red blood cells to be recognized by or own immune system, they have Antigens on their surface

ANTIBODY RED BLOOD CELL ANTIGEN

Antibody A (Anti-A) reacts with Antigen A Antibody B (Anti-B) reacts with Antigen B This causes CLUMPING (agglutination) = DEATH!

The Antigen indicates the Blood Type Blood Type A  Antigen A Blood Type B  Antigen B Blood Type AB  Antigen A and Antigen B Blood Type O  No Antigens

Presence of Antigens and Antibodies

If you have Blood Type… Antigen on your red blood cell Antibody in your body Blood Type A A Anti-B Blood Type B B Anti-A Blood Type AB AB NONE Blood Type O Anti-A and Anti-B

So, if you have... Blood Type A, can you receive Blood Type B? Blood Type AB, can you receive Blood Type... A? B? AB? O? Blood Type O, can you receive any other blood type?

Why do the antibodies of the donor not have an effect? The antibodies of the donor are diluted by the recipient’s blood plasma (watery part of the blood) which is why this rarely causes agglutination leading to death.

Rhesus Factor Another type of Protein (Antigen) present or not on the red blood cell. Named after the Rhesus Macaque. Rh positive means the Antigen is present. Rh negative means the Antigen is absent. Rh negative does not have Rh antibody naturally. A+ , B+ , AB+ and O+ all are Rh positive. A-, B-, AB- and O- are all Rh negative.

Rh + person blood transfused into Rh - person: Rh - person develops antibodies for Rh factor + which will result in blood agglutination and eventually death Rh - person blood transfused into Rh + person: NO PROBLEM

Rhesus Factor If you have Blood Type… Antigen on your red blood cell Antibody in your body A+, B+, AB+, O+ Rh D None A-, B-, AB-, O- Anti-Rh D

Rh negative mother and Rh positive baby. Problem Rh negative mother and Rh positive baby. Blood cells from baby may pass from placenta into mother during child birth. The mother develops antibodies for Rh+. Only a problem if she has another baby that is Rh+ because her antibodies will attack baby’s blood cells and rupture them. Resulting in baby’s blood count being low. This is called Rh disease of the newborn (hemolytic).

Solution Mother is given: Rh Immune-globuline which prevents her from making Rh+ antibodies.

How to determine Blood Types Have a sample of blood Add the Antibody serums Look for agglutination Conclude

1. What is agglutination? 2. Who was awarded the Nobel Prize for his research in determining blood types? 3. What are antigens? Where are they located? 4. What are antibodies? Where are they located? 5. What happens when incompatible blood types are mixed? 6. What is the Rh factor? 7. Sketch a red blood cell that is Rh+. 8. What will happen if a blood type A patient with A antigens is mixed with blood that has A antibodies? 9. Which blood type can donate blood to anyone? Why? Which blood type can receive blood from everyone? Why?