Literary Analysis and Composition 2014-2015 Tuesday, November 4 GUM 5.4 (cont.) GUM 5.5

GUM 5.4 What are our lesson objectives? Identify the function of a relative pronoun in a sentence. Recognize the correct punctuation of sentences with adjective clauses. Recognize misplaced adjective clauses in sentences.

Keywords and Pronunciation adjective clause : a subordinate clause that is used to modify a noun or pronoun direct object : a noun or pronoun that answers the question What? or Whom? after an action verb essential clause : a clause that is necessary to a sentence’s meaning misplaced modifier : a word or phrase that seems to modify the wrong word or words because it is too far from what it describes

Keywords and Pronunciation modifier : a word or phrase that describes or changes another word's or phrase's meaning nonessential clause : a clause that is not necessary to a sentence’s meaning object of a preposition : a noun or pronoun that follows a preposition and completes its meaning relative pronoun : a pronoun that relates an adjective clause to the noun or pronoun the clause describes subject : a noun or pronoun that names whom or what a sentence is about

What are relative pronouns? Relative pronouns include the words who, whom, whose, which, and that. These words not only introduce a subordinate clause but also function within the clause. They may function as a subject, a direct object, or the object of a preposition, or they may indicate possession. The person who names the puppy will probably be Gina. (The clause is who names the puppy. Who functions as the subject.) You must be the girl whose bike is in my living room. (The clause is whose bike is in my living room. Whose indicates possession.) Is this the photograph that we discussed? (The clause is that we discussed, which is to say, we discussed that. That is the direct object of the verb discussed.)

How are they used? When a subordinate clause is placed too far from the word that it modifies, the clause can be confusing and is called a misplaced modifier. The CD is still in the kitchen that we bought yesterday. (The clause that we bought yesterday should modify CD, but the clause is too far away.) The CD that we bought yesterday is still in the kitchen. (Now the clause has been placed near the word it modifies, and the sentence makes sense.)

Let’s Practice! Decide the function of each relative pronoun (some are understood) in the underlined adjective clause in each sentence. 1. The Carters, whose dog I walk, will be away for three weeks. A subject B direct object C object of a preposition D possessive

Let’s Practice! Decide the function of each relative pronoun (some are understood) in the underlined adjective clause in each sentence. 2. Lions that are raised in captivity are surprisingly tame. A subject B direct object C object of a preposition D possessive

Let’s Practice! Decide the function of each relative pronoun (some are understood) in the underlined adjective clause in each sentence. 3. Are you wearing the coat you bought last week at the mall? A subject B direct object C object of a preposition D possessive

Let’s Practice! Decide the function of each relative pronoun (some are understood) in the underlined adjective clause in each sentence. 4. The longest tunnel through which we drove was about a mile long. A subject B direct object C object of a preposition D possessive

Let’s Practice! Decide the function of each relative pronoun (some are understood) in the underlined adjective clause in each sentence. 5. Daniel Webster, who became famous for his work in law, never went to law school. A subject B direct object C object of a preposition D possessive

Let’s Practice! Decide the function of each relative pronoun (some are understood) in the underlined adjective clause in each sentence. 6. The records I gave him dated back to the 1950s. A subject B direct object C object of a preposition D possessive

Let’s Practice! Decide the function of each relative pronoun (some are understood) in the underlined adjective clause in each sentence. 7. The story, whose author was unknown, was comical. A subject B direct object C object of a preposition D possessive

Let’s Practice! Decide the function of each relative pronoun (some are understood) in the underlined adjective clause in each sentence. 8. A rat can gnaw through concrete that is two feet thick. A subject B direct object C object of a preposition D possessive

Let’s Practice! Decide the function of each relative pronoun (some are understood) in the underlined adjective clause in each sentence. 9. He is the man to whom you must speak. A subject B direct object C object of a preposition D possessive

Let’s Practice! Decide the function of each relative pronoun (some are understood) in the underlined adjective clause in each sentence. 10. The ostrich, which is the largest of all birds, can outrun a horse. A subject B direct object C object of a preposition D possessive

GUM 5.5 What are our lesson objectives? Identify noun clauses in sentences. Identify the use of a noun clause in a sentence.

Keywords and Pronunciation adjective clause : a subordinate clause that is used to modify a noun or pronoun adverb clause : a subordinate clause that is used mainly to modify a verb direct object : a noun or pronoun that answers the question What? or Whom? after an action verb indirect object : a noun or pronoun that answers the question To or for whom? or To or for what? after an action verb noun : a word that names a person, place, thing, or idea noun clause : a subordinate clause that is used as a noun

Keywords and Pronunciation object of a preposition : a noun or pronoun that follows a preposition and completes its meaning predicate nominative : a noun or pronoun that follows a linking verb and identifies, renames, or explains the subject subject : a noun or pronoun that names whom or what a sentence is about subordinate, or dependent, clause : a clause that cannot stand alone as a sentence because it does not express a complete thought

What is a noun clause? A noun clause is a subordinate clause that is used as a noun. A noun clause can function in any way a noun functions: as a subject, a direct object, an indirect object, a predicate nominative, or an object of a preposition. Where you were born dictates much of your early life. (Where you were born is the subject.) Your fate depends partly on where you go. (Where you go is the object of a preposition.) Do you know where you are going? (Where you are going is the direct object.)

Let’s Practice! Underline the noun clause in each of the following sentences. 1. We will take a vote and do whatever the majority wants. 2. That is where it’s happening. 3. Are you really concerned with what is best for me?

Let’s Practice! Underline the noun clause in each of the following sentences. 4. Offer whoever attends the meeting a bumper sticker. 5. What you say is true up to a point. 6. Steve was unclear about when we were leaving..

Underline the noun clause in each of the following sentences. 7. I don’t know what you mean. 8. The award will go to whomever the committee chooses. 9. That trees require huge quantities of water does not surprise me. 10. The eruptions of volcanoes are what Dr. Sweeney is studying.

Let’s Practice! Label each noun clause in the above sentences. Write subject, direct object, indirect object, object of a preposition, or predicate nominative.