Recent Advances in Energy Storage Honolulu, Hawaii May 10-12, 2004 Garth P. Corey Sandia National Laboratories Sandia is a multiprogram laboratory operated by Sandia Corporation, a Lockheed Martin Company, for the United States Department of Energy under contract DE-AC04-94AL APEC 21 st Century Renewable Energy Development Initiative

2 2 Storage and Renewables Emerging Applications Power vs. Energy Applications New Storage Technologies –Batteries –Superconducting Magnetic –Flywheels –Super Capacitors California Energy Commission Projects Overview

3 3 Storage and Renewables Acts to Stabilize Power Variations For grid-tied applications, Can Provide Transmission Congestion Relief –At the Generation Site –At the Distribution Point Allows Dispatch of Renewable Power –Off grid applications –On grid applications

4 4 Emerging Applications T&D Upgrade Deferral Transmission Congestion Relief Peak Shaving Micro-Grid Systems Energy Price Arbitrage Remote Area Power Systems

5 5 Power vs. Energy Applications Capacity Issues –High Power/Low Energy –Low Power/High Energy Operational Limitations –Discharge –Recharge

6 6 Development and Prototype Mature Products Design Commercial Maturity Large SMES Micro SMES NaS Super Capacitors CAES High Speed Flywheels Pumped Hydro Low Speed Flywheels Lead Acid Batteries Flow Batteries

7 7 New Technology Batteries Nickel Cadmium –Energy and Power Applications

8 8 New Technology Batteries Lithium Ion Polymer –Power Applications

9 9 New Technology Batteries Lithium Ion Polymer –Energy Applications

10 New Technology Batteries Lithium Metal Polymer –Energy Applications

11 New Technology Batteries Sodium Sulfur (NAS) –Energy and Power Applications

12 New Technology Flow Batteries Zinc Bromine –Energy and Power Applications

13 New Technology Flow Batteries Vanadium Redox –Energy and Power Applications

14 New Technology Flow Batteries Regenesys TM –Energy and Power Applications

15 Non-Battery Electricity Storage Super Capacitors –Power Applications

16 Non-Battery Electricity Storage Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage (SMES) - Power Applications

17 Non-Battery Electricity Storage Flywheel Energy Storage (FES) –Power Applications Magnetic bearing integrated into field circuit Removable “cartridge”a rmature Ball bearings easily replaced (~ 20 year estimated life) One moving part (rotor)

18 California Energy Commission Projects Palmdale Water District –Micro-Grid Support –450kW/30 Sec Ultracapacitor – Maxwell Technologies Pacific Gas & Electric –Substation Congestion Mitigation –2 MW/2MWh Zinc Bromine Flow Battery - ZBB Energy Corporation San Francisco Muni Rail –Recovery of Regenerative Braking Power –400 kW Flywheel – Urenco Power Technologies

19 Palmdale Water District Project Micro-Grid Components Generation Sources –950 kW Wind Turbine –Ultracapacitor Energy Bridge Parallel 225 kW modules –800 kW Diesel Generator –350 kW Diesel Generator –250 kW Natural Gas Generator –250 kW Hydroelectric Generator Load Requirements –320 kW Critical Loads –930 kW Non-critical Load

20 Palmdale Water District Project Energy Storage System Benefits Micro-Grid Benefits –Wind Generation Stabilization –Demand Charge Management Grid-Tied Benefits –Transient Disturbance Ride-Through – End-user Electric Service Reliability –T&D Support –Interruptible Rate Benefit