Energy Storage – Technologies & Applications Andreas Hauer Latin America Public-Private Partnerships Workshop on Energy Storage for Sustainable Development April 16-17, 2015 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

Content Energy Storage – Technologies Energy Storage – Applications Technology Comparison (?) Conclusions

Energy Storage – Technologies

Energy Storage Technologies Electrical Energy Storage Thermal Energy Storage Chemical Energy Storage

Storage as Electro-chemical Energy Storage as Mechanical Energy Storage as Electrical Energy Electrical Energy Storages Super-conducting Magnetic Energy Storage (SMES) Super-Capacitor Lithium-Ion Battery Sodium-Sulfate Battery (NaS-Cells) Lead-Acid Battery Redox-Flow Battery Pumped Hydro Storage Compressed Air Energy Storage (CAES) Flywheel

Storage Period and Discharging Power © C. Dötsch Energy Management Bridging Power Quality Electrical Energy Storages

Thermal Energy Storages Thermal Energy can be stored as sensible heat Thermal Energy can be stored as latent heat Thermal Energy can be stored thermo-chemically Hot Water Tank Underground Thermal Energy Storage (UTES) Macro- / Micro- encapsulated Phase Change Materials (PCM) Adsorption (Zeolite) and Absorption (LiCl) Storage ThermoChemical Materials (TCM)

Storage Capacity vs. Temperature Storage Capacity / (kWh/m³) Temperature / °C 0 Water PCM Salt Hydrates Nitrates Paraffines Sugar Alcohols TCM NiCl 2 NH 3 CaCl 2 *NH 3 MgSO 4 * 6H 2 O Zeolith*H 2 O Silicagel*H 2 O MgCl 2 * 6H 2 O

Chemical Energy Storage Energy Storage by Hydrogen Production and Storage Hydrogen is the most powerful fuel with regard to its mass Loss-free long-term storage possible Electricity production by fuel cells / H 2 turbines

Methane from Hydrogen (and CO 2 ) Efficiency >80 % (Sabatier-Process) Existing Infrastructure (natural gas) © ZSW Energy Storage by Methane Production and Storage © M. Sterner Chemical Energy Storage

Storage technology Storage Mechanism PowerCapacity Storage Period DensityEfficiencyLifetimeCost MWMWhtimekWh/tonkWh/m 3 %# cycles$/kW$/kWh ¢/kWh- delivered Lithium Ion (Li Ion) Electro- chemical < 1,7< 22day - month ,89 - 0, Sodium Sulfur (NAS) battery Electro- chemical day ,75 - 0, Lead Acid battery Electro- chemical < 30day - month ,65 - 0, Redox/Flow battery Electro- chemical < 7< 10day - month ,72 - 0, Compressed air energy storage (CAES) Mechanical day at bar 0,4 - 0, Pumped hydro energy storage (PHES) Mechanical day - month 0,27 at 100m 0,63 - 0, , HydrogenChemicalvaries indefinite , at bar 0,22 - 0, MethaneChemicalvaries indefinite at 1 bar0,24 - 0, Sensible storage - Water Thermal< 10< 100hour - year < 600,5 -0,9~5000-0,1- 130,01 Phase change materials (PCM) Thermal< 10 hour - week < 1200,75 - 0,9~ ,3 - 6 Thermochemical storage (TCS) Thermal< 1< 10hour - week ,8 - 1~ Table of Energy Storage Technologies

Energy Storage – Applications

Energy storage system are already today an important component for electricity and heat supply within the energy system. With the increasing share of variable electricity production by renewable energies, a secure and uninterrupted power supply is becoming more and more significant. The German „Energiewende“ implies a growing linkage of the electricity, the heat & cold and the mobility sector. Approaches like Power-to-Heat or Power-to-Gas are able to combine the electricity and the heat sector in a sustainable way. Energy Storage – Applications

Integration of Renewable Electricity Grid Stability  Frequency regulation  Voltage support  T&D congestion relief  Black start Grid balancing  Fast power reserve  Peak shaving  Self-consumption, Off-grid Demand Side Integration  Dispatchable Load  Power-to-Gas  Power-to-Heat Integration of Renewable Thermal Energy Concentrated Solar Power Solar-thermal Process Heat Solar-thermal Heating & Cooling Industrial Processes Waste Heat Utlization Recuperation of Mech. Energy Buildings Heating & Cooling  Day/Night-Balancing  Summer/Winter-Balancing Electricity Production Fossil Thermal Power Plants Heat Utilization of CHP … Mobility Propulsion Heating / Air Conditioning Renewable EnergiesEnergy Efficiency

Integration of Renewable Electricity Grid Stability  Frequency regulation  Voltage support  T&D congestion relief  Black start Grid balancing  Fast power reserve  Peak shaving  Self-consumption, Off-grid Demand Side Integration  Dispatchable Load  Power-to-Gas  Power-to-Heat Integration of Renewable Thermal Energy Concentrated Solar Power Solar-thermal Process Heat Solar-thermal Heating & Cooling Industrial Processes Waste Heat Utlization Recuperation of Mech. Energy Buildings Heating & Cooling  Day/Night-Balancing  Summer/Winter-Balancing Electricity Production Fossil Thermal Power Plants Heat Utilization of CHP … Mobility Propulsion Heating / Air Conditioning EES – TES – EES/TES/CES Renewable EnergiesEnergy Efficiency

Renewable Energies Consumer Distribution PV Wind Bio/CHP Solarthermal Grid District Heating & Cooling Electricity Heat/Cold Central Energy Storage Distributed Energy Storage EES TES CES EES TES CES Central – Distributed Storage

Renewable Energies Consumer PV Wind Bio/CHP Solarthermal Electricity Heat/Cold Distributed Energy Storage EES TES CES Central – Distributed Storage „Islands“ Energy infra-structure in local units (reasonable size!)

…but where in the Grid? Central Storages Pumped Hydro Hydrogen Generation Compressed Air Energy Storage Distributed (large) Storages Lead Acid Batteries NaS Batteries Redox-Flow Batteries Distributed (electric) Storages Lithium-Ion Batteries Lead Acid Batteries NiMh-, NiCd Batteries Distributed (thermal) Storages Heat Pumps + Thermal Storage CHP, μCHP + Thermal Storage

As long as we do not have a „perfect“ grid, distributed energy storage systems are able to provide voltage support and frequency regulation and by this avoid local congestions by the following system services  Power reserve  Peak shaving  Self-consumption enhancement  Transformation from electricity to heat/cold Central – Distributed Storage

Technology Comparison (?)

Storage technology Storage Mechanis m PowerCapacity Storage Period DensityEfficiencyLifetimeCost MWMWhtimekWh/tonkWh/m 3 %# cycles$/kW$/kWh ¢/kWh- delivere d Lithium Ion (Li Ion) Electro- chemical < 1,7< 22day - month ,89 - 0, Sodium Sulfur (NAS) battery Electro- chemical day ,75 - 0, Lead Acid battery Electro- chemical < 30day - month ,65 - 0, Redox/Flow battery Electro- chemical < 7< 10day - month ,72 - 0, Compressed air energy storage (CAES) Mechanical day at bar 0,4 - 0, Pumped hydro energy storage (PHES) Mechanical day - month 0,27 at 100m 0,63 - 0, , HydrogenChemicalvaries indefinite , at bar 0,22 - 0, MethaneChemicalvaries indefinite at 1 bar0,24 - 0, Sensible storage - Water Thermal< 10< 100hour - year < 600,5 -0,9~5000-0,1- 130,01 Phase change materials (PCM) Thermal< 10 hour - week < 1200,75 - 0,9~ ,3 - 6 Thermochemic al storage (TCS) Thermal< 1< 10hour - week ,8 - 1~ Comparison of Energy Storage Technologies Comparison of storage technologies is difficult. There is a strong influence of the actual application on the storage properties!

Storage technology Storage Mechanis m PowerCapacity Storage Period DensityEfficiencyLifetimeCost MWMWhtimekWh/tonkWh/m 3 %# cycles$/kW$/kWh ¢/kWh- delivere d Lithium Ion (Li Ion) Electro- chemical < 1,7< 22day - month ,89 - 0, Sodium Sulfur (NAS) battery Electro- chemical day ,75 - 0, Lead Acid battery Electro- chemical < 30day - month ,65 - 0, Redox/Flow battery Electro- chemical < 7< 10day - month ,72 - 0, Compressed air energy storage (CAES) Mechanical day at bar 0,4 - 0, Pumped hydro energy storage (PHES) Mechanical day - month 0,27 at 100m 0,63 - 0, , HydrogenChemicalvaries indefinite , at bar 0,22 - 0, MethaneChemicalvaries indefinite at 1 bar0,24 - 0, Sensible storage - Water Thermal< 10< 100hour - year < 600,5 -0,9~5000-0,1- 130,01 Phase change materials (PCM) Thermal< 10 hour - week < 1200,75 - 0,9~ ,3 - 6 Thermochemic al storage (TCS) Thermal< 1< 10hour - week ,8 - 1~ Application: Long Term Storage

Transport ~ 90 % ~ 62% Total: Storage ~ 90 % © U. Stimming, TUM Efficiency: Hydrogen: Electrolysis ~ 85 % Compression ~ 90 % Fuel:Overall Efficiency 60 % Electricity:Overall Efficiency 30 % Heating:Overall Efficiency 60 % Application: Long Term Storage

Heat Pump ~ 300 % Efficiency: ~ 225 % Total Hot Water: Storage ~ 75 % © ZAE Bayern Fuel:not possible! Electricity:not possible! Heating:Overall Efficiency 225 % Application: Long Term Storage

Important: Look at the whole efficiency chain! Take the „value“ of the stored energy („exergy“!) into account! Take the final energy demand into account! Also Power-to-Heat / Power-to-Cold is an option! Try to identify the most suitable technology for the application! Comparison of Energy Storage Technologies

Conclusions

A large number of different energy storage technologies is available or subject to R&D at the moment A large number of different applications of energy storage will come up in our future energy systems Energy storage technologies can only be evaluated and compared - technically and economically - within an actual application Conclusions The final energy demand and the overall efficiency of the energy storage system has to be taken into account, when assigning storage technologies to storage applications

Thank you very much for your attention!