Japan-US Collaboration Nobu Toge (KEK) 12 December 2014 Physics and Friendships, A Symposium in honor of David Leith 1

With thanks to David and to all, I would like to - talk to you about the roles played by, and contributions made by David in the Japan-US cooperation in the field of high energy physics. Note: You can find the 30+ years of Japan-US cooperation in a bigger scope at – (30 th anniversary symposium, October 20-21, 2010, Hawaii) 2

Japanese-side Background 1950s ~ mid-60s: – Limited Japanese participation in European or American programs for HEP on a personal basis. Late 60s ~ Early 70s: – Some university groups began organizing participation in international collabs, for instance, Koshiba’s group at DESY. 70s: – The period of construction and operation of KEK-PS was interlaced with international meetings, such as the Japan–US Accelerator Science Seminar in 1973, – where a possibility emerged of formulating a framework for a comprehensive collaboration program in HEP between Japan and the US, in addition to early collabs such as Yale- INS/U.Tokyo at BNL and at SLAC. 3

Formation of the Japan-US collaborative program 1978: – The 19 th International Conference on High Energy Physics – ICHEP, which was held in Tokyo, gave an important opportunity for the scientists involved to exchange information on concrete possibilities of collaboration in relation to experiments and R&D. – Around this time, very high level discussions were ongoing between the governments of Japan and the US with regard to the energy research issues. – Under these circumstances and thanks to dedicated, tireless efforts by government officers of both countries… 1979: – in November the Joint Japan–US Collaboration in High Energy Physics was established as an agreement between the Japanese Ministry of Education and the US Department of Energy. 4

John Metzler (DOE) 2 Satoshi Ozaki (BNL) 3 Jack Blasy (DOE) 4 Jack Sandweiss (Yale) 5 Ronnie Rau (BNL) 6 William Wallenmeyer (DOE) 7 Stan Stamp (DOE) 8 Joe Ballam (SLAC) 14Pief Panofsky (SLAC) 15Toshio Kitagaki (Tohoku U.) 16 Tadao Fujii (U. of Tokyo) 17 Tetsuji Nishikawa (KEK) 18 Bernie Hildebrand (DOE) 19 Gakuji Shigeto (MOE) 20 Ken Kikuchi (KEK) 21Katsuyoshi Haga (KEK) 9James Leiss (DOE) 10Robert Birge (LBNL) 11 Gyo Takeda (Tohoku U.) 12 Leon Lederman (FNAL) 13 Kohei Shinozawa (MOE) Group picture taken at the Implementation Signing Ceremony for the Joint Japan-US Collaboration in High Energy Physics, held at SLAC on November 11, Official version. 5

Group picture taken at the Implementation Signing Ceremony for the Joint Japan-US Collaboration in High Energy Physics, held at SLAC on November 11, Quasi-official version. 6

In the Japan-US Symposium in 2010 David explained ~6 ： Sharon Traweek and Henry Abarbanel encouraged David to be in contact with several Japanese groups who might be interested in collaborating on strong interaction spectroscopy studies, which led to a meeting with Ryo Kajikawa, of Nagoya University and the start of a long personal friendship, and of a productive scientific collaboration. Nagoya applied to JSPS for support, and Shiro Suzuki visited SLAC. Thus began the Japan-US basis for the “LASS” program. Prof.Nishikawa pushed the formation of the Japan/US collaboration in HEP, and supported the Nagoya group’s role on the LASS experiment as part of that activity 7

From KEK Archive Office - Initial proposal: Nov. 12,

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Japan-US at SLAC in Early Days SLAC hosted two of its experimental HEP programs in the context of Japan-US A series of bubble chamber experiments, the LASS activity. SLAC placed a system for hiring of young Japanese scientists Joe Ballam decided to hire a series of young Japanese scientists, into short term appointments, using the lab resources offset by the Japan- US investment at SLAC. This program had over 30 Japanese visitors working on the experiments through the period 1979 to 1999, with 18 post docs and graduate students working long term at SLAC, in these visiting appointments. SLAC operated PEP, a 29GeV e+e- collider – One of the PEP experiments, TPC, was supported in part by the Japan- US program, too (hosted by LBNL). 10

LASS experimental area : From Shiro Suzuki. Early 1980s. 11

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One of the major results from LASS Naoki Awaji Ph.D Thesis, Nagoya (1986) K -  + elastic scattering from K - p  K -  + n at 11GeV/c Nucl. Phys. B 296 (1988)

According to Ryo Kajikawa, Japan-US program was indispensable, when Ryo was looking after students in late 70s – early 80s with reduced machine time of KEK PS, while construction effort for TRISTAN was ramping up. Ryo worried first if he would send many students to US on a long- term basis. It turned out to be a great success, thanks to a combination of offers from SLAC, help from David and his Group B, an increased CPU power at Nagoya and hard work by Shiro Suzuki and the students. The Japan-US physics program of LASS at SLAC was later taken over by Yuta, Abe and their group from Tohoku Univ. who worked on SLD and kept it strong (stronger). 14 S.Suzuki (behind) and T.Shimomura (front) at LASS (From left) H.Yuta, M.Breidenbach, C.Baltay, H.Lynch, R.Kajikawa

Japan-US for SLD at SLAC Prof. Haruo Yuta (then at Tohoku) says – – David personally visited us in Sendai in David was to explore the possibility of Japanese participation in the SLD, bringing us an opportunity and his enthusiasm on Japan-US program. Yuta, in return, brought his Tohoku group to join the SLAC program with Kajikawa’s Nagoya group, working now on the SLD experiment while still participating in LASS data analysis. The “Ballam program”, (of lab temporary staff positions), continued supporting senior resident scientists, and a new set of temporary SLAC scientist appointments. 15 H.Yuta

Group picture taken at the 7 th Japan-US Committee on High Energy Physics, held at SLAC in

Japanese groups helped design and build the CRID particle identification system, and the CCD vertex detector of the SLD detector, run the experiment through its data taking, and participate in the data analysis. 17

18 Group photo: SLD collaboration

19 Emperor Akihito and Empress Michiko visit SLAC in 1994.

People in the Japan-US Program Nagoya University and Tohoku University altogether sent 1 ４ graduate students from Japan to work at SLAC in the Japan-US program represented by David, who finished their PhD studies and graduated. -Of this group 9 are now working in research at Japanese universities or laboratories. -15 young Japanese held temporary positions at SLAC, and of these 12 became faculty or staff in Japanese universities or laboratories. -20 of the Japanese who worked on this program are active in Japanese HEP. The Japan-US program at SLAC was also augmented to incorporate accelerator R&D, with SLAC being represented by G. Loew and J.M. Paterson. – 1981 ： high-power klystrons – 1986: linear Colliders – Later in high-luminosity e+e- collider rings. 20

21 Japanese Scientists for Japan/US Programs at SLAC with David Name Institution (then) Role (then)Experiment Period at SLACInstitution (now) Role (now) Currently active in Japan 1AbeKenjiNagoya UGSSLD AbeKoyaTohoku UAssoc. Prof.SLD Retired AbeToshinoriNagoya Upost docSLD JASRIStaffv AkagiTakashiTohoku Upost docSLD Hyogo ion Beam Medical Center Staffv AwajiNaokiNagoya UGSLASS Fujitsu limitedStaff at Fujitsu FujiiKeisukeNagoya UGSLASS KEKAssoc. Prof.v FujimotoJunpeiNagoya Upost docSLDshort stayKEKStaffv HasegawaAkioTohoku Usenior staffSLD Retired HasegawaYojiTohoku UGSSLD~1995Shinshu UStaffv 10HasukoKazumiTohoku UGSSLD~1999 HayashiiHisakiNagoya UGSLASS Nara Womens U.Assoc. Prof.v IwasakiMasakoKEK/Oregonpost docSLD KEKAssoc. Prof.v IwasakiYoshihitoTohoku UGSSLD~1995KEKStaffv IwataSeigiNagoya Usenior staffLASS Retired KajikawaRyoichiNagaoya UProfessor/PILASS/SLD Retired KawaharaHideakiTohoku Upost docLASS/SLD KurikiMasaoTohoku UGSE143~1996Hiroshima U.Professorv MatsuiTakayukiNagoya Upost docLASS KEKStaff MasudaHiroakiNagoya Upost docSLD Science and Humanity Innovation Center LLC Staff MiyamotoAkiyaNagoya Upost docLASS/SLD KEKAssoc. Prof.v 20NagamineTadashiTohoku Upost docSLD Tohoku U.Staffv NaritaShinyaTohoku UGSSLD~1997Iwate U.Professorv OhishiNoritsuguNagoya UGSSLD Fujitsu Ltd.staff Fujitsu OhnishiYukiyoshiNagoya UGSSLD KEKAssoc. Prof.v OzakiHitoshiNagoya UGSLASS KEKAssoc. Prof.v PakC.O.Nagoya Upost docLASS KEK retiredStaff ShimomuraToshiroNagoya Upost docLASS/SLD industry SugiyamaAkiraNagoya UGSLASS/SLD Saga U.Professorv SuekaneFumihikoTohoku UstaffSLD Tohoku U Assoc. Prof.v SuzukiShiroNagoya Usenior staffLASS/SLD Saga UProfessorv 30TakahashiToruNagoya Upost docSLD Hiroshima U v TauchiToshiakiNagoya Upost docLASS KEKAssoc. Prof.v TogeNobuSLACStaffSLD KEKSr. Exec.v UkaiKumataroINS, Tokyosenior staffLASS1978, Retired YashimaJunTohoku UGSSLD~1998 YutaHaruoTohoku UProfessor/PISLD Retired

22 Ph.D theses from Nagoya, Tohoku and Stanford under Japan-US with David Year Japan Experiment US NameInst.NameInst. 1986LASSP. SinervoStanford. U. 1987N.AwajiNagoya U.LASS K. FujiiNagoya U.LASS 1988H. HayashiiNagoya U.LASS A. SugiyamaNagoya U.LASS F. BirdStanford. U. H. OzakiNagoya U.LASS 1990 LASST. BienzStanford. U. 1993LASSY.J. KwonStanford. U. LASSP. RensingStanford. U. 1995Y. IwasakiTohoku U.SLD Y. HasegawaTohoku U.SLD Y. Ohnishi SLD 1996M. KurikiTohoku U.E143 SLDT. PavelStanford. U. 1997S. NaritaTohoku U.SLD 1998N. OhishiNagoya U.SLD J. YashimaTohoku U.SLD 1999K. HasukoTohoku U.SLD K. AbeNagoya U.SLD 5 LASS 8 SLD1 SLD

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Doing research is one thing. Working together is the same thing. F. Suekane of Tohoku Univ says I very much enjoyed the physics, the work at SLAC and the life in California. While I was serving as the accounting officer for the Japan-US program, he was extremely helpful and cooperative in processing a huge amount of paperwork on time (a stack of receipts and certificates for millions of dollars of purchases). I thank him for everything that made my work and life comfortable and fun. 24

With S.Suzuki, Hadron Symposium at KEK in 1988 And sharing a good time, too. 25

At David’s home, with Valery Telnov, Matteo Cavalli, Haruo Yuta, Doreen, Michel Davier and Shiro Suzuki. Early 1990s. 26

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David played a critical role in leading and helping conception and execution of SLAC programs in Japan-US cooperation in HEP. Scientifically – – The LASS experiment to establish the full excitation spectrum of orbital and radial light quark meson states particularly in strange meson sector and strange-onium sector. – The SLD experiment to realize sophisticated particle ID and vertexing techniques and run them through the experiment and analysis. Administratively – – One of the pioneering HEP leaders in US who mastered how to work with the Japanese (people and system). – One that helped the Japanese (people and system) master how to work with US counterparts. Personally – – Showed us how the US and Japanese HEP communities can be friends, by being one by himself first. Thank you, David! Conclusions 28