Reconstruction Abandoned, CHAPTER 16 Reconstruction Abandoned, 1867 – 1877 “. . . the slave went free; stood a brief moment in the sun; then moved back again toward slavery.” W.E.B. DuBois

George Armstrong Custer, 1867 “In years long numbered with the past, when I was merging upon manhood, my every thought was ambitious – not to be wealthy, not to be learned, but to be great. I desired to link my name with acts and men, and in such a manner as to be a mark of honor, not only to the present but to future generations.” George Armstrong Custer, 1867 “The assumption that the cause of the Negro is a dead issue is an utter delusion. For the moment he may be buried under the dust and rubbish of endless discussion concerning civil service, tariff and free trade, labor and capital. . .but our Lazarus is not dead. He only sleeps.” Frederick Douglass, 1884 speech

Chapter Review Explain the roles of African Americans and Native Americans in the post-Reconstruction period. Know the provisions of the Thirteenth, Fourteenth and Fifteenth Amendments to the Constitution. Describe the successes and failures of Ulysses S. Grant’s presidency. Briefly explain the reasons for the rising power of the Ku Klux Klan. Explain how the passage of the Fourteenth Amendment to the Constitution impacted women. Explain the defeat of the Plains Indians by whites. Try to offer at least three reasons for the decline of the Plains Indian culture.

Concepts Crazy Horse, Sitting Bull George Armstrong Custer, Custer’s Last Stand Suffrage Susan B. Anthony Temperance Liberal Republicans Horace Greeley Alexander Graham Bell Compromise of 1877 --Samuel J. Tilden, Rutherford B. Hayes

Concepts [continued] 14th Amend. 1868 [ incorporation of Bill of Rights] Presidential v. Congressional Reconstruction Brigham family “Tenn. Reconstruction” letter Sharecropping W.E.B. Du Bois v. Booker T. Washington Grandmother Brigham, c.1883, friend of Jane Addams [knew Civil War veterans!] Open door v. closed door foreign policy [1903] Ralph Ellison’s Invisible Man; Movie Sounder Mom’s “bag lady story” +1963 Birmingham – “I don’t believe there are white people that evil in America.” Corny Rievfeldt, Wayland Jones – farmers in Idaho, Texas

Resources Dee Brown, Bury My Heart at Wounded Knee W.E.B. DuBois, Black Reconstruction [1935] Eric Foner. Reconstruction: America’s Unfinished Revolution 1863-1877 [1980] Philip Foner, Mother Jones Speaks [1983] Michael Kazin, The Populist Persuasion [1995] Theodora Kroeber, Ishi in Two Worlds: A Biography of the Last Wild Indian in North America [1967] David Levering Lewis, W.E.B. DuBois: Biography of a Race [1993]; W.E.B. DuBois: A Reader [1995]; W.E.B. DuBois: The Fight for Equality and the American Century [1919-1963] Patricia Nelson Limerick, The Legacy of Conquest: The Unbroken Past of the American West [1987] John Neihardt, Black Elk Speaks [1961] Frank Norris, The Octopus [1906] Kevin Starr, Americans and the California Dream [1973] Richard White, "It's Your Misfortune and None of My Own" Owen Wister, The Virginian, 1902

Resources [continued] Fawn Brodie, Thaddeus Stevens [1959] Leon F. Litwak,,Trouble in Mind: Black Southerners in the Age of Jim Crow (1998). James McPherson, Ordeal by Fire: The Civil War and Reconstruction [1982] Kenneth M. Stampp, The Era of Reconstruction, The Changing South and West [1965] C. Vann Woodward, Origins of the New South, 1877–1913 (1951); Tom Watson: Agrarian Rebel (1938); The Strange Career of Jim Crow (1955); Reunion and Reaction: The Compromise of 1877 and the End of Reconstruction [1956]

I. A Presidency Under Siege: Andrew Johnson Impeached Secretary of State William Seward negotiates purchase of Alaska from Russia Woman suffrage supporters, angry over Fifteenth Amendment, step up calls for suffrage

II. The Grant Era Transcontinental railroad is completed Grant outlines moderate “peace policy” for dealing with Native Americans Church groups attempt to help settle Native Americans, but resistance leads to military force

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III. An Era of Scandals Divisions in Congress cause Grant problems Republican party also divided Ku Klux Klan actions lead to federal action Political machines take control of some city politics Split in Republican party fails to prevent Grant’s re-election Second administration scandal-filled

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IV. The Panic of 1873 and Its Consequences Unemployment leads to labor unrest Grange becomes main organization for farmers States wade into railroad regulation Grant refuses to heed those calling for currency expansion despite economic crisis

V. Women in the 1870s Supreme Court declines to intervene concerning suffrage Voluntary associations emerge as women step up efforts for reform Women’s Christian Temperance Union is founded Women enter workforce in greater numbers but are relegated to a few professions

VI. Politics in the Gilded Age Both Democrats and Republicans become concerned about growing African American influence Southern whites blame northern interference for situation there Southern congressmen gain more power and begin talk of “redeeming” the South

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VII. The End of Native American Resistance Destruction of buffalo herds is greatest trauma to Native American life in West Defeat of General Custer at Little Big Horn brings more might down on Indians, whose resistance soon ends

VIII. The Election of 1876 Grant administration scandals cause trouble for Republican party Philadelphia centennial celebration for the country is filled with marvels Disputed election of 1876 brings Hayes to White House, and political deal brings end to Reconstruction

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