Becoming a Teacher Ninth Edition Forrest W. Parkay Chapter 5 Historical Foundations of U.S. Education ISBN: 0132767465 © 2013, 2010, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Focus Questions Why is educational history important? What were teaching and schools like in the American colonies (1620–1750)? What were the goals of education during the Revolutionary Period (1750-1820) How was the struggle won for state-supported common school (1820-1865)? How did compulsory education change schools and the teaching profession (1865-1920)? What were the aims of education during the Progressive Era (1920-1945)? How did education change during the modern postwar era (1945-2000)? What are the educational priorities of the new century (2000 to the present)? Becoming At Teacher, 9e, Forrest W. Parkay ISBN: 0132767465 © 2013, 2010, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Why is educational history important? Knowledge of events that influenced schools will help in evaluation of current proposals for change. Awareness of events that have influenced teaching is a hallmark of professionalism Becoming At Teacher, 9e, Forrest W. Parkay ISBN: 0132767465 © 2013, 2010, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

What were teaching and schools like in the American colonies (1620 – 1750)? Curriculum Essentialist reading, writing and math based on religion Teacher Status Low, minimal qualifications, high morals Schools Puritan – Often harsh schools that taught reading and writing to learn scriptures Parochial – Schools based on religious beliefs Dame – Schools for initial instruction of reading, writing and arithmetic boys and only school for girls Reading and Writing – Schools for boys beyond what parents could teach Latin Grammar Schools – Schools for boys to prep for Harvard Becoming At Teacher, 9e, Forrest W. Parkay ISBN: 0132767465 © 2013, 2010, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

What were teaching and schools like in the American colonies (1620 – 1750)? Origins of Mandated Education (Acts) Massachusetts Act of 1642 First educational law in country – declared children needed to read and write. If not able parents could receive fine Massachusetts Act of 1647 Old Deluder Satan Act – Mandated the establishment and support of schools Becoming At Teacher, 9e, Forrest W. Parkay ISBN: 0132767465 © 2013, 2010, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

What were teaching and schools like in the American colonies (1620 – 1750)? Education of Students African Americans received training from masters or church groups, also Philadelphia African School Native Americans Received education from Quaker Indian Schools Mexican Americans Received training from missionaries Becoming At Teacher, 9e, Forrest W. Parkay ISBN: 0132767465 © 2013, 2010, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

What were the goals of education during the Revolutionary Period (1750-1820)? Ben Franklin Started Philadelphia Academy - secular academic supported privately Wrote “Relating to the Education of Youth in Pennsylvania” Sarah Pierce Started Sarah Pierce’s Female Academy – emphasized essentialist curriculum Female Seminaries Troy Seminary – One of the first women’s colleges Becoming At Teacher, 9e, Forrest W. Parkay ISBN: 0132767465 © 2013, 2010, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

What were the goals of education during the Revolutionary Period (1750-1820)? Thomas Jefferson Viewed education of the common people most effective means of preserving liberty For a society to remain free, it must support a continuous system of public education Bill for the More General Diffusion of Knowledge – called for state controlled schools that would teach at no cost to parents 3 yrs of reading, writing and arithmetic Becoming At Teacher, 9e, Forrest W. Parkay ISBN: 0132767465 © 2013, 2010, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

What were the goals of education during the Revolutionary Period (1750-1820)? Webster’s Speller Written by Noah Webster “The Old Blue-Back” Purpose was to “instill first rudiments of language, some just ideas of religion, morals and domestic economy” Becoming At Teacher, 9e, Forrest W. Parkay ISBN: 0132767465 © 2013, 2010, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

How was the struggle won for state-supported common schools (1820-1865)? state supported high schools In favor – city residents, nontaxpayers, democratic leaders, philanthropist, humanitarians Opposed – rural residents, taxpayers, aristocratic and conservative groups, private school owners, conservative religious groups, Southerners and Non-English speaking groups Becoming At Teacher, 9e, Forrest W. Parkay ISBN: 0132767465 © 2013, 2010, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

How was the struggle won for state-supported common schools (1820-1865)? Horace Mann Champion of Common School Movement free public local schools Improved Massachusetts schools Convince Conservative moneyed classes free schools were cheapest means of self – protection and insurance Started Normal Schools general knowledge course and courses in pedagogy for teacher preparation Becoming At Teacher, 9e, Forrest W. Parkay ISBN: 0132767465 © 2013, 2010, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

How was the struggle won for state-supported common schools (1820-1865)? McGuffey Reader Written by Reverend William Holmes McGuffey Readers (books) emphasized virtues of hard work, honesty, truth, charity and obedience Morrill Land Grant Act Provided federal land for states to either sell or rent for funds for the establishment of colleges of agriculture and mechanical arts Becoming At Teacher, 9e, Forrest W. Parkay ISBN: 0132767465 © 2013, 2010, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

How did compulsory education change schools and the teaching profession (1865-1920)? Compulsory Education Laws Required common school attendance More students attended school Increased attendance created need for management Scientific Management Top down management taken from big business Becoming At Teacher, 9e, Forrest W. Parkay ISBN: 0132767465 © 2013, 2010, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

How did compulsory education change schools and the teaching profession (1865-1920)? Higher Education for African Americans Booker T. Washington Founded Tuskegee Institute – Industrial school for African Americans in rural Alabama Believed that as the race grows in knowledge, experience, culture, taste and wealth that the wants of the people will become more diverse and to satisfy this the number of professional business men and women will increase Becoming At Teacher, 9e, Forrest W. Parkay ISBN: 0132767465 © 2013, 2010, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

How did compulsory education change schools and the teaching profession (1865-1920)? W.E.B. Dubois First Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D) Founded National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) Called to educate the most talented tenth of the African American population to equip them for leadership Becoming At Teacher, 9e, Forrest W. Parkay ISBN: 0132767465 © 2013, 2010, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

How did compulsory education change schools and the teaching profession (1865-1920)? Kindergarten Garden where children grow Founded by Friedrich Froebel Stress motor development and self activity before children began formal schooling Professionalization of Teaching Professional Teacher Organizations Started National Education Association (NEA) American Federation of Teachers (AFT) Worked to increase teacher salaries and professionalize teaching. Becoming At Teacher, 9e, Forrest W. Parkay ISBN: 0132767465 © 2013, 2010, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

How did compulsory education change schools and the teaching profession (1865-1920)? Committee of Ten Funded by NEA Decided primary function of high schools to take intellectually elite students and prepare for life Stressed mental discipline in humanities, languages and science Committee of Fifteen NEA appointed committee to examine elementary curriculum Introduced Latin, modern languages, and algebra into curriculum Elementary curriculum should be organized around 5 subjects: grammar, literature, arithmetic, geography and history Becoming At Teacher, 9e, Forrest W. Parkay ISBN: 0132767465 © 2013, 2010, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

How did compulsory education change schools and the teaching profession (1865-1920)? Reorganization of Secondary Education Called for high school curriculum to accommodate individual instruction Determined 7 goals to provide focus for schooling at all levels: health, command of individual processes, worthy home membership, vocation, citizenship, worthy use of leisure time, and ethical character Becoming At Teacher, 9e, Forrest W. Parkay ISBN: 0132767465 © 2013, 2010, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

How did compulsory education change schools and the teaching profession (1865-1920)? Women’s Influence on Teaching Greater demand for teachers Linked schools with social service agencies and institutions Becoming At Teacher, 9e, Forrest W. Parkay ISBN: 0132767465 © 2013, 2010, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

What were the aims of education during the Progressive Era (1920-1945)? Progressivism Belief that life is evolving in positive direction, people should be trusted to act in own best interest Education should focus on children’s interests and practical needs Teachers served as guides John Dewey’s Laboratory School Gave students meaningful relevant education Test principles Curriculum should be a natural outgrowth of child interests Becoming At Teacher, 9e, Forrest W. Parkay ISBN: 0132767465 © 2013, 2010, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

What were the aims of education during the Progressive Era (1920-1945)? Maria Montessori’s Method Believed children’s mental, physical and spiritual development should be enhanced by providing them with developmentally appropriate activities Teachers created learning environments based on student’s level of development and readiness to learn new material Becoming At Teacher, 9e, Forrest W. Parkay ISBN: 0132767465 © 2013, 2010, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

What were the aims of education during the Progressive Era (1920-1945)? Decline in progressivism due to public criticism Lasting effects of progressivism Inquiry or discovery learning Self paced instructional approaches Field trips Flexible scheduling Open Concept classrooms Non-graded schools Small group activities School-based counseling Becoming At Teacher, 9e, Forrest W. Parkay ISBN: 0132767465 © 2013, 2010, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

What were the aims of education during the Progressive Era (1920-1945)? Education of Immigrants and Minorities Goal – rapid assimilation into English-speaking Anglo-European society Children often punished for speaking native language Ethnic groups established separate schools to preserve culture Becoming At Teacher, 9e, Forrest W. Parkay ISBN: 0132767465 © 2013, 2010, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

What were the aims of education during the Progressive Era (1920-1945)? Education of Immigrants and Minorities Native Americans – Federal Government placed tribes on reservations and tribal children in boarding schools to assimilate them into the dominate culture The Problem of Indian Administration Recommended Native American Education be restructured Built day schools Revised curricula to reflect tribal cultures and needs Becoming At Teacher, 9e, Forrest W. Parkay ISBN: 0132767465 © 2013, 2010, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

What were the aims of education during the Progressive Era (1920-1945)? Mary McLeod Bethune Started what became Bethune-Cookman College Directed Office of Minority Affairs in the National Youth Administration (NYA) Becoming At Teacher, 9e, Forrest W. Parkay ISBN: 0132767465 © 2013, 2010, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

What were the aims of education during the Progressive Era (1920-1945)? World War II and Federal Government Influences Lanham Act Provided funding for: Worker training Construction of school in military areas Childcare for working parents G.I. Bill of Rights provided funding for tuition and board at colleges and universities for veterans Becoming At Teacher, 9e, Forrest W. Parkay ISBN: 0132767465 © 2013, 2010, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

How did education change during the modern postwar era (1945-2000)? Trends How can full and equal educational opportunity be extended to all groups? What knowledge and skills should be taught? How should knowledge and skills be taught? Becoming At Teacher, 9e, Forrest W. Parkay ISBN: 0132767465 © 2013, 2010, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

How did education change during the modern postwar era (1945-2000)? National Defense Education Act of 1958 Started in response to Russian Satellite – Sputnik first into space Education is the first line of defense New math, science, social studies and foreign language programs Desegregation Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka Separation is unequal Schools order to desegregate Becoming At Teacher, 9e, Forrest W. Parkay ISBN: 0132767465 © 2013, 2010, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

How did education change during the modern postwar era (1945-2000)? Elementary and Secondary Education Act Allocated funds on the basis of the number poor children Title VII – The Bilingual Education Act Provided federal aid to low-income children of limited English-speaking ability Becoming At Teacher, 9e, Forrest W. Parkay ISBN: 0132767465 © 2013, 2010, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

How did education change during the modern postwar era (1945-2000)? Accountability of teachers demanded Back-to-basics Movement Title IX No person in the United State shall on the basis of sex be excluded from education or activity receiving federal assistance Education for All Handicapped Children (PL94-142) Referred to as Mainstreaming Law Children with special needs will receive a free and appropriate education in the least restrictive environment Becoming At Teacher, 9e, Forrest W. Parkay ISBN: 0132767465 © 2013, 2010, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

How did education change during the modern postwar era (1945-2000)? Nation at Risk Gave evidence that schools were failing Paideia Proposal Response to Nation at Risk Proposal for perrenialist core curriculum High School: A Report on Secondary Education in America Suggested strengthening academic core curriculum Becoming At Teacher, 9e, Forrest W. Parkay ISBN: 0132767465 © 2013, 2010, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

How did education change during the modern postwar era (1945-2000)? Challenges Greater diversity Greater international competition Less support for public education Decentralization and deregulation of schools Response Teacher leadership and collaboration Becoming At Teacher, 9e, Forrest W. Parkay ISBN: 0132767465 © 2013, 2010, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

What are the educational priorities of the new century (2000-present)? Equity for all students The achievement gap Excellence 2010 ESEA reauthorization Race to the Top grants Accountability Holding schools, teachers, and administrators accountable for student learning. Becoming At Teacher, 9e, Forrest W. Parkay ISBN: 0132767465 © 2013, 2010, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved