Module 5: Utilization of Biomass
Objectives To be able to identify the woody biomass properties influencing utilization To be able to identify the three main conversion processes: bio-chemical, thermo-chemical and fiber composite manufacturing To be able to identify and discuss the three general product types obtained from woody biomass conversion: energy, transportation fuel, and industrial products Module 5: Utilization of Biomass
Outline Introduction Overview Wood processing residue Properties influencing utilization Conversion processes Products Energy Content Ash Management
Introduction Research and innovation is showing that the uses of woody biomass are only limited by our imagination. Module 5: Utilization of Biomass
Utilization Overview Module 5: Utilization of Biomass
Logging Residue Unconsolidated Comminuted Bundled Module 5: Utilization of Biomass
Wood Processing Residue Black Liquor Sawdust Bark Module 5: Utilization of Biomass
Other Sources of Woody Biomass Energy plantations Construction waste Module 5: Utilization of Biomass
Properties Influencing Utilization Wood composition Moisture content Module 5: Utilization of Biomass
Wood composition Cellulose Hemicellulose Lignin Minerals Module 5: Utilization of Biomass
Cellulose Nearly half woody biomass Abundant Processed into products Module 5: Utilization of Biomass
Hemicellulose 25%-35% Abundant Limited Use Expensive Module 5: Utilization of Biomass
Lignin Glue like substance 15%-25% Chemically complex Module 5: Utilization of Biomass
Principal Elements Principal elements –Carbon –Hydrogen –Oxygen Module 5: Utilization of Biomass
Other Mineral Elements Nitrogen Sulfur Chlorine Heavy metals Module 5: Utilization of Biomass
Moisture Content Wet vs dry biomass Impacts conversion process Drier = Higher Energy Module 5: Utilization of Biomass
Conversion Processes Bio-chemical Thermochemical Fiber Composite Manufacturing Module 5: Utilization of Biomass
Biorefinery Concept Module 5: Utilization of Biomass
Bio-chemical Aerobic digestion Anaerobic digestion Fermentation Module 5: Utilization of Biomass
Aerobic Digestion Module 5: Utilization of Biomass
Anaerobic Digestion Module 5: Utilization of Biomass
Fermentation Module 5: Utilization of Biomass
Thermochemical Combustion Gasification Pyrolysis Liquefaction Hydrothermal Upgrading Process Fischer-Tropsch Module 5: Utilization of Biomass
Combustion Module 5: Utilization of Biomass
Gasification Module 5: Utilization of Biomass
Pyrolysis Module 5: Utilization of Biomass
Liquefaction Minutes vs Eons High pressure High Temperature Increases H to C ratio Module 5: Utilization of Biomass
Hydrothermal Upgrading Process Module 5: Utilization of Biomass
Fischer-Tropsch Germany Early 20th Century Complex Process Multiple products Multiple conversion processes Module 5: Utilization of Biomass
Fiber Composite Manufacturing Strength Density Cost effective Ex. OSB, Glulam, Ceramicrete Module 5: Utilization of Biomass
Products Energy Transportation Fuels Industrial Products Module 5: Utilization of Biomass
US Energy Supply (data for 2003) Wind 2% Biomass 46% Hydroelectric 46% Geothermal 5% Solar <1% Source: AEO 2004 tables (released in December 2003) based on US energy consumption. Overall breakdown Table A1 (Total Energy Supply and Disposition), and Renewable breakdown Table A18 (Renewable Energy, Consumption by Section and Source). Slide courtesy Mile Pacheco, NREL, US-DOE. Module 5: Utilization of Biomass
Liquid Transportation Fuel Ethanol Methanol Biodiesel Module 5: Utilization of Biomass
Ethanol In 2005, ethanol displaced 170 million barrels of oil. In 2005, ethanol lowered consumer gas prices by 8 cents per gallon. In 2005, industry produced 4 billion gallons of ethanol. In 2005, ethanol reduced green house gases by 8 million tons. Beginning in 2007, Indy 500 cars will run on ethanol. By 2012, ethanol may displace more than 2 billion barrels of oil. Module 5: Utilization of Biomass
Industrial Products Chemicals Bio-based products Module 5: Utilization of Biomass
Chemicals Bio-based Acids Bio-based Oils Specialty Chemicals Module 5: Utilization of Biomass
Biobased Acids Acetic acid Fatty acids Lactic acids Module 5: Utilization of Biomass
Biobased Oils Raw liquefaction oil Pyrolytic bio-oil Module 5: Utilization of Biomass
Specialty Chemicals Enzymes 3-HP Syngas Butanol Glycerin Module 5: Utilization of Biomass
Biobased Products Pellets Char Glass Aggregates Polymers Anaerobic Digestion Effluent Bioplastics Module 5: Utilization of Biomass
Pellets Uniform Easy to handle Easy to transport Burn efficiently Large market Module 5: Utilization of Biomass
Char Solid Usable byproduct –Energy –Filtration –Fertilizer Module 5: Utilization of Biomass
Ash Content Origin –Minerals in the woody biomass –Soil contamination Properties –Species –Part of tree –Type of waste –Combination with other fuels –Soil and climate –Conditions of combustion Module 5: Utilization of Biomass
Ash Management Improves physical and chemical properties Improves growing conditions for vegetation Raises pH in acidic soils Corrects nutrient deficiencies Module 5: Utilization of Biomass
Ash Recycling Customize Product –Add select elements –Change physical properties Spread by ground or air Module 5: Utilization of Biomass
Credits: Photo and Graphics Slide 5: Bob Rummer, USDA FS; Rien Visser, VT; John Deere Slide 6: Corbis Corporation; Department of Energy Slide 7: M.Ostry, Oregon State University; D. Moorehead, Forestry Images, Slide 10: Wood Science and Engineering, Oregon State University Slide 11: Hasan Jameel, North Carolina State University Slide 12: Thorsten Dittmar, Florida State University Slide 15: Corbis Corporation Slide 16: Daniel Cassidy, USDA CSREES Slide 17: US Department of Energy Slide 26: Slide 29: J.P. Bond, University of Georgia Slide 31: US Department of Energy Module 5: Utilization of Biomass
Slide 36: Dr. David Gingrich Slide 37: Colgin, Slide 38: Advanced Energy Research Corporation Slide 40: North Energy Associates, LTD. Slide 41: Corbis Corporation Slide 43: W.D. Weiprecht Credits: Photo and Graphics Module 5: Utilization of Biomass