EUROPE IN SPACE

ESA IN BRIEF Europe, seen by Envisat

ESA IN BRIEF Long-standing experience ESA’s creation in Member States 5 establishments, 1900 staff 3 billion euros per year (2007) More than 60 satellites developed More than 10 scientific satellites in operation 5 launchers developed more than 170 launches conducted

ESA IN BRIEF Member States ESA has 17 Member States – with more on the way Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Norway, the Netherlands, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and the United Kingdom. Canada participates in some projects under a special cooperation agreement. The Czech Republic, Hungary and Romania are participating in PECS (Plan for European Cooperating States). Also, Poland is joining this initiative, while Estonia is establishing a cooperation agreement with ESA.

ESTEC Noordwijk, the Netherlands European Space Research & Technology Centre ESA IN BRIEF ESA establishments and centres ESOC Darmstadt, Germany European Space Operations Centre ESRIN Frascati, Italy European Space Research Institute HEADQUARTERS Paris, France ESA Headquarters houses - the Director General’s office, - general administration and - certain programme directorates. ESAC Villafranca, Spain European Space Astronomy Centre EAC Cologne, Germany European Astronaut Centre

ESA IN BRIEF ESA programmes - Scientific programme - Earth Observation programmes - Launcher programmes - Human Spaceflight, Microgravity and Exploration programmes - Telecommunications and Navigation programmes

Director of Scientific Programme D. Southwood Director of Earth Observation Programmes V. Liebig Director of Telecommunication and Navigation G. Viriglio Director of Human Spaceflight, Microgravity and Exploration Programmes D. Sacotte Director of Launchers A. Fabrizi Director of Technical and Quality Management M. Courtois Director of Operations and Infrastructure G. Winters Director of Resources Management L. Kronthaler Director of Legal and External Relations R. Oosterlinck Head of DG’s Cabinet K. Kreuzberg Head of Policy Office G. Morsillo Head of Internal Audit C. Martin-Rico Director General Jean-Jacques Dordain ESA IN BRIEF ESA organisation chart (May 2007)

INCOME FROM MEMBER STATES AND CANADA € m OTHER INCOME €339.88m TOTAL BUDGETS FOR 2007 € m ESA IN BRIEF Budgets for 2007, income CDN: 1%, € 22m A: 1%, € 33m B: 6%, € 145m DK: 1%, € 26m FIN: 0.6%, € 17m F: 29%, € 753m D: 22%, € 578m G: 0.4%, € 11m IRL: 0.5%, € 12m UK: 9%, € 243m CH: 4%, € 93m S: 2%, € 52m E: 5%, € 138m PT: 0.5%, € 13m N: 2%, € 43m NL: 3%, € 75m LUX: 0.3%, € 9m I: 14%, € 370m

APPROVED PROGRAMMES € m PROGRAMMES FINANCED BY THIRD PARTIES €28.853m EUROPEAN COOPERATING STATES AGREEMENT €2.297m TOTAL BUDGETS FOR 2007 € m ESA IN BRIEF Budgets for 2007, breakdown by programmes General Budget 7%, € 200m Associated to General Budget 5%, € 158m Scientific Programme 13%, € 386m Earth Observation 15%, € 437m Telecommunications 8%, € 240m Navigation 9%, € 279m Financed by 3 rd Parties 1%, € 29m European Coop. States 0.08%, € 2m Technology 3%, € 96m Launchers 22%, € 627m Human Spaceflight & Exploration 14%, € 428m Microgravity 3%, € 92m

ESA IN BRIEF ESA’s industrial policy a)Meet the requirements of the European Space Programme in a cost efficient manner b) Improve the worldwide competitiveness of European industry by maintaining and developing space technology c)Ensure that all Member States participate in an equitable manner, having regard to their financial contribution, in implementing the European Space Programme d) Exploit the advantages of free competitive bidding

ESA IN BRIEF The birth of commercial operators ESA is responsible for the research and development of space projects. - On completion of qualification, these projects are handed over to outside bodies for the production/exploitation phase. Operational systems are transferred to new or specially established organisations: - Launchers: Arianespace - launcher production phase - Telecommunications: Eutelsat & Inmarsat - international communications services via ECS/MARECS - Meteorology: Eumetsat - Meteosat weather satellites - Satellite Navigation: Galileo concessionaire

EUROPEAN HIGHLIGHTS IN SPACE Ariane 5 launch.

SPACE SCIENCE: Cosmic Vision The Scientific Programme is a mandatory programme of the Agency. Its mandate is to define and implement a space science programme fulfilling the needs of Europe’s scientific community. This programme defines the scientific satellites, the scientific objectives and the means to achieve these objectives. It is now called “Cosmic Vision”. Our solar system.

SPACE SCIENCE: Cosmic Vision Themes: How does the Solar System work? What are the conditions for life & planetary formation? What are the fundamental laws of the Universe? How did the Universe originate and what is it made of? Hubble Space Telescope image of the Small Magellanic Cloud.

HUYGENS LANDING ON TITAN: A historic achievement The most striking success story in space in recent years is Huygens’ landing on Saturn’s moon Titan, 1.3 billion kilometres from Earth. In-situ sampling has confirmed the presence of a complex organic chemistry in the atmosphere. This adds weight to the idea that Titan is a promising place in which to observe chemical pathways involving molecules that may have been the building blocks of life on Earth. Huygens (artist’s impression).

MARS EXPRESS: First-class science from orbit Canyons on Mars. Image: ESA, DLR, FU Berlin (G. Neukum). Contributions to Europe as a knowledge-based society also stimulate excellence in technology development. ESA’s solar system missions widen our horizons, providing intriguing scientific results that fascinate the public. Mars Express is one of ESA’s planetary missions serving the scientific community. It also represents enormous technological challenges. Among other instruments onboard: a high-tech stereo camera providing images of the highest quality.

VENUS EXPRESS: Studying our nearest planetary neighbour Venus Express (artist’s impression). Venus Express was built around the design of Mars Express, making it quicker and cheaper to develop. In particular, Venus Express studies the Venusian atmosphere and clouds in unprecedented detail and accuracy. Understanding the climate of Venus can help us understand Earth’s changing climate as well.

SMART-1 TO THE MOON: Innovative propulsion and onboard intelligence SMART-1 approaching the moon. SMART-1 ( ) was the first ESA mission to the moon and has provided significant scientific results. Furthermore, SMART-1 served as a demonstrator for innovative technologies such as ion propulsion, miniaturised payloads and local intelligence (auto-guidance system) on board.

SPACE SCIENCE: Missions under preparation – overview 1 Gaia will conduct a census of one thousand million stars in our Galaxy. It will monitor each of its target stars about 100 times over a five-year period, precisely charting their distances, movements, and changes in brightness. It is expected to discover hundreds of thousands of new celestial objects. Consisting of two orbiters, BepiColombo will provide the most complete exploration yet of Mercury, the innermost planet of our solar system. One component of BepiColombo will map the planet and a second will investigate its magnetosphere. The James Webb Space Telescope is the successor to the Hubble Space Telescope and will be almost three times as big. JWST has been designed to work best at infrared wavelengths. This will allow it to study the very distant Universe, looking for the first stars and galaxies that ever emerged.

SPACE SCIENCE: Missions under preparation – overview 2 Planck will look back at the dawn of time, close to the Big Bang, and will observe the most ancient radiation in the Universe, known as the 'cosmic microwave background'. Planck will analyse this for clues about how clusters of galaxies and even individual galaxies formed. Herschel will be the largest space telescope of its kind. Its 3.5-metre diameter mirror will collect long-wavelength infrared radiation from some of the coolest and most distant objects in the Universe. Herschel will be the only space observatory to cover the range from far-infrared to submillimetre wavelengths. LISA Pathfinder will test the general concepts and technologies needed for highly precise formation flying and accurate measurement of the separation between two very distant spacecraft. This technology is essential for future ESA missions, such as LISA, which aim to detect subtle gravitational waves.

EARTH OBSERVATION: Information of increasing importance Snow-capped tip of the Antarctic Peninsula, seen by Envisat. Earth Observation and meteorology satellites deliver information of drastically increasing importance for both ecology and the economy – ranging, in the short term, from disaster prevention and precise weather forecasting to, in the long term, data providing the basis for sustainable development. It also includes information of strategic importance with a view to our security.

METEOROLOGY MSG-2 and MetOp in orbit The Earth. Image by Eumetsat. To date, nine Meteosat satellites have been successfully launched into geostationary orbit. The most recent, Meteosat Second Generation 2 (MSG- 2), has been in orbit since its launch in December The first weather satellite to operate in polar orbit, MetOp, was launched in October 2006.

NAVIGATION: Galileo Galileo (artist’s impression). Galileo is a joint effort between ESA and the EU. The global satellite navigation system will put Europe at the forefront of this strategically and economically important sector. Galileo is expected to generate countless applications and more than 100,000 highly qualified jobs in Europe. The first Galileo satellite, GIOVE-A, has been in orbit since December 2005.

ESA astronaut Thomas Reiter. INTERNATIONAL SPACE STATION: A unique platform for research Europe’s participation in the ISS programme offers unique opportunities for research in microgravity, adding value to science on Earth – as an extended part of ground-based research and industry infrastructures. In addition, human spaceflight increases the interest of students in science and high technology.

INTERNATIONAL SPACE STATION: Highlights in 2007 In the framework of the ISS programme, several highlights are scheduled for 2007: Launch of the first ATV Mission STS-120 with delivery of Node-2 ESA’s main contribution to the ISS, the Columbus laboratory scheduled for launch ISS seen from the departing Space Shuttle Atlantis (September 2006, image: ESA/NASA)

Cupola Node 2 Node 3 ERA ATV Columbus

External Facilities Biolab Fluid Science Lab European Physiology Module Material Science Lab Drawer Rack Internal Facilities

European Support Organisation Columbus Control Centre (Col-CC) Oberpfaffenhofen Eurocom Crew Communicator Medical Operations located at EAC, Cologne ATV Control Centre Toulouse European Data Network between Col-CC, ATV-CC, and distributed User Operations Centres for Payload Operations

THE ARIANE PROGRAMME: A success story involving numerous SMEs Ariane 5 launch. The Ariane programme grants Europe access to space. It represents the most successful launcher programme in the world. It is also an example of technological challenges providing European industry with precious expertise. Apart from major space companies, numerous small and medium-sized enterprises are involved in the production of Ariane.

Automated Transfer Vehicle (ATV) Future ideas: Integrated Payloads Safe Haven Sample return Basis for manned version?

SPACE EXPLORATION Europe’s Space Exploration Programme is called Aurora. Preparations are underway for robotic - and in the future human - missions, targeted primarily at Mars and the Moon. ExoMars is the first Aurora Flagship mission under preparation, with the aim of better characterising the biological environment of Mars. The ExoMars rover, searching for traces of life on Mars (artist’s impression)