Water in Earth’s Processes Study Guide Our test will be December 17, 18, or 19, depending on your class period.

“The Blue Planet” 70% of the Earth’s surface is covered in water.

97% of the water on Earth is salt water.

The oceans’ salinity is too high for humans to consume. The salt in the ocean and seas comes from weathering and erosion of rocks. Sea water has a higher concentration of sodium chloride, NaCl (salt). When fresh water pours into the ocean, the salinity (salt content) stays the same because water continually evaporates out of the ocean.

3% of the water on Earth is fresh water.

Ice caps and glaciers make up 2%. The greatest amount of fresh water on Earth is found in glaciers and polar ice caps.

Groundwater makes up .9%.

Rivers, lakes, and swamps make up .1%. Lake Superior Amazon River Largest freshwater body on Earth Largest carrier of freshwater to the ocean

If new wells are created due to a population increase, the water table would drop.

Threats to Our Water Supply 1. Pollution – fertilizers, pesticides, sediments, trash, oil/gasoline, chemicals pollute groundwater 2. Drought – long periods of little or no rain can affect water supply and farming 3. Overuse- humans are consuming too much of freshwater supply

HUMANS ARE USING TOO MUCH WATER. *The average person uses between 40 to 80 gallons of water per day. *An average family of 4 uses between 160 to 320 gallons of water per day.

The Water Cycle The water cycle is powered by heat from the Sun. It is the continuous movement of water from the ocean to the atmosphere to the land and back to the ocean.

Check out the difference between Earth and the sun!

Heat energy from the sun causes evaporation and transpiration. Evaporation is when liquid water changes into water vapor and rises.

Evaporation See what water molecules are doing during evaporation. http://www.middleschoolchemistry.com/multimedia/chapter2/lesson2 See what water molecules are doing during evaporation.

Transpiration Transpiration is evaporation of water through plant leaves. If you were to hang a wet swimsuit to dry, the heat of the sun, the speed of the wind, and the amount of water vapor in the air (humidity) would affect the evaporation/dry time.

Air always contains some water vapor through evaporation Air always contains some water vapor through evaporation. We become more aware of water vapor when air is humid.

Condensation Condensation is when water vapor cools and changes into water droplets that cling to dust particles and form clouds in the atmosphere.

Condensation

Condensation See what water molecules are doing during condensation. http://www.middleschoolchemistry.com/multimedia/chapter2/lesson3

Precipitation Precipitation is rain, snow, sleet, or hail that falls from clouds onto the Earth’s land and oceans.

Types of Frozen Precipitation (determined by air temperature) 1. Snow- water vapor turns directly to a solid 2. Sleet- rain drops pass through a layer of freezing temperature near Earth’s surface 3. Hail- water droplets freeze around a small ice crystal

Snow Sleet Hail

Where does precipitation go? Percolation is the downward movement of water through pores and other spaces in soil due to gravity. Runoff is precipitation that flows over land into streams and rivers. Accumulation is when water gathers in large quantities such as rivers, lakes, oceans, glaciers, ice caps, and aquifers (geological formation containing groundwater.)

Water Cycle Song https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=o3BVa7PH_JE&list=UUJjstNDkwktHyvUdtcBfb2g&safe=active

Winds blowing constantly Ocean Motion 3 types Currents Waves Tides “Rivers in oceans” 2 types Surface Currents Deep Currents Caused by Caused by Caused by Winds blowing constantly Changes in temperature and salinity Winds blowing occasionally Moon’s gravitational pull on Earth upwelling

Waves Waves are mostly caused by wind, which is caused by energy from the Sun.

Parts of a wave: Crest: The highest point of the wave Trough: The lowest point of the wave Wave length: distance from crest to crest (or trough to trough) Wave height: distance from trough to crest

In a wave, water molecules move in a circle In a wave, water molecules move in a circle. ONLY the energy moves forward. Think about how floating objects move in deep ocean water. Do they move forward? Or do they simply bob up and down? http://www.pbs.org/wnet/nature/conditionblack/seas_flash.html

So that’s why the waves I play in near the shore look different…

Sometimes undersea earthquakes or landslides can cause waves. http://www.embc.gov.bc.ca/em/tsunamis/causes_2.htm Tsunami animation

Currents A current is a movement of ocean water that forms a regular pattern.

Currents There are two types of currents: surface currents and deep currents. Currents can best be described as “rivers in the ocean.” Just keep swimming! http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JpV7NIJTxD0

Surface Currents Surface currents are horizontal and occur within the top several hundred meters of the ocean. Surface ocean currents are caused by global winds, the Coriolis Effect, and continental deflections.

Global winds cause surface currents. Global winds are constant and unchanging. They are NOT the same as local winds that change daily. Examine global surface currents.

The Coriolis Effect steers surface currents. Observe an animation of the Coriolis effect over Earth's surface. Paper and pencil demonstration

Continental deflections steer surface currents. When a current runs into a continent, what does it have to do? It has to deflect, or go a different way.

Surface currents affect climate. How do you think the Gulf Stream affects the United Kingdom’s climate? Look at Hopedale in Canada and Stornaway in Scotland, each at about the same distance from the Equator. Which has a colder climate? Why?

Surface currents affect climate. Columbia, SC sits at 34 degrees latitude on the East Coast. Los Angeles, CA sits at 34 degrees latitude on the West coast. The average June temperature for Columbia is 92 degrees. The average June temperature for Los Angeles is 78 degrees. Look at the two cities on a currents map. Can you figure out why?

Deep Currents (also known as density currents) Density differences due to salinity and temperature create deep currents, but not ocean waves. Currents are pretty cool. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JQZ3QkaWWqA

Density of Water Think about those molecules. More salt (higher salinity), more dense water, sinks Less salt (lower salinity), less dense water, rises Cooler water, more dense Warmer water, less dense Sinks! Rises!

Coastal Upwelling An upwelling is a circulation that brings deep cold water to the surface. It brings food particles and nutrients to the surface, and the fish follow. Fishermen love it! Observe how upwelling occurs.

Global Areas of Upwelling

Relating Cause and Effect Global Winds Surface currents Differences in ocean water density due to salinity and temperature Deep currents

Great Ocean Conveyor Belt

Currents and Nikes On May 27, 1990 the freighter Hansa Carrier, heading to the U.S. from Korea, encountered a severe North Pacific storm. During the storm, a large wave washed twenty-one shipping containers overboard. Five of these containers held a shipment of approximately 80,000 Nike shoes that were released into the North Pacific. Here is where they landed, years later:

Currents carry anything! There’s a floating island of STUFF sitting in the middle of the Pacific, with everything from plastic bags to entire sections of a ship.

Ocean Currents Surface Currents Deep Currents (Density Currents)

Directions: On the chart you made, write each sentence below in the surface category or density category. Powered by wind Slow moving Moves only the upper few hundred meters of water Can cause upwelling Created by changes in salinity or temperature. Moves water horizontally, parallel to surface Direction of movement is affected by Coriolis effect Powered by differences in density Transfers heat to the atmosphere which influences climate Moves deep in the ocean

Tides Tides are the daily rise and fall of water levels that are caused by gravity due to the moon and sun. Water rises slowly and covers the shore twice a day then slowly falls back. Animation: http://oceanservice.noaa.gov/education/tutorial_tides/media/supp_tide05.html

High Tide Low Tide

Spring Tide and Neap Tide High spring tides are caused by an alignment of the Earth, moon, and sun. Neap tides have the smallest daily tidal change and occur when the sun and moon are at right angles relative to the Earth. The gravitational forces of the sun and moon work against each other. Animation: http://oceanservice.noaa.gov/education/kits/tides/media/sup p_tide06a.html

Spring and Neap Tides

Spring and Neap Tides Song http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KFYf_it461s&list=UUJjstNDkwktHyvUdtcBfb2g

Ocean Topography Review Draw and label the parts of the ocean floor. Continental Shelf Seamount (Island if above sea level) Abyssal Plain Mid-Ocean Ridge Continental Slope Rift Valley Deep-sea Trench

Ocean Topography Review

Match the number to the topographical feature. 1. Steeply sloping edge of continental shelf that drops to the ocean basin 2. Volcano that does NOT rise above sea level 3. Mountain that rises ABOVE sea level 4. Relatively flat part of continent covered by sea water 5. Deepest part of the ocean, a deep ocean trough 6. Flat, almost level, area of the ocean basin, covered with layers of sediments 7. Underwater mountain chain where 2 plates diverge 8. A break in the Earth’s crust where 2 plates diverge.  

Ocean Topography Review Sonar is used to measure the depth of the ocean floor. As you go deeper into the ocean, the pressure increases; therefore, the pressure would be the greatest in a trench. Algae is found above the continental shelf since it needs sunlight to survive. Mid-ocean ridges are underwater mountain chains near active volcanoes.

Remember those mid-ocean ridges? https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sgDM6m0lUGY&list=PLK5QnX_5Gp3Wfz4pMZOVMLd9ujDIzfAGb&index=1 Like the seams of a baseball…

Resources and Energy Recycling – reusing waste or scrap materials to help people save natural resources. One renewable resource from the ocean is wave energy.

Hydroelectric Energy Hydroelectric energy is energy created by the movement of falling water.