General FPGA Architecture Field Programmable Gate Array

 Integrated circuit containing many identical logic cells  Each logic cell can independently take on one of a limited set of functions  The individual cells are interconnected by a matrix of wires and programmable switches  Larger FPGAs provide additional functional blocks:  Phase-locked loop clock conditioning  Serializer/deserializer  Large amounts of on-chip memory  Dedicated multiplier/accumulator (“DSP”) components

 LUT contains Memory Cells to implement small logic functions.  Each cell holds ‘0’ or ‘1’.  Programmed with outputs of Truth Table  Inputs select content of one of the cells as output 3 Inputs LUT -> 8 Memory Cells Static Random Access Memory SRAM cells 3 – 6 Inputs Multiplexer MUX

 Connections Routing signals between Logic Blocks.  Determined by SRAM cells. Around Fabric Edges Configurable Input Output I/O Blocks 100’s – 1,000 Pins Special Routing for Clocks

 Logic Functions implemented in Lookup Table.  Multiplexers (select 1 of N inputs).  Flip-Flops on outputs. Registers. Clocked Storage elements  Sequential Logic Functions.  FPGA Fabric driven by Global Clock. FPGA Fabric Clock

 Integrated circuit containing many identical logic cells.  Each logic cell can independently take on one of a limited set of functions.  The individual cells are interconnected by a matrix of wires and programmable switches.  Larger FPGAs provide additional functional blocks:  Phase-locked loop clock conditioning  Serializer/deserializer  Large amounts of on-chip memory  Dedicated multiplier/accumulator (“DSP”) components

 User provides a hardware description language(HDL).  Using electronic design automation tool a technology mapped netlist is generated.  Place & route process is done via timing analysis, simulation & other verification method.  Then the source file is transferred to FPGA/CPLD via serial interface or to an EEPROM.

 SRAM  FLOATING GATE  FUSE  FLASH  EPROM

 When a customer orders a new type of chip, the manufacturer does not have to design it from scratch, but can just take a standard gate array and modify it to the customer's requirement, because they contain a standard grid of logic gates whose interconnections are specified by the customer.  Can manufacture the first few boards of a new product using FPGAs and then replace with Gate Arrays when the production ramps up.  FPGAs can be programmed on your desktop so fabrication time is not an issue. ----One of the attractions of FPGAs is the ability to prototype very quickly  All components on entire chip can clock at the same time up to hundreds of MHz  FPGAs offer the ability to fix bugs in a design without patching the Printed Circuit Board (PCB). ----Can be a career saver!  The term "field-programmable" may be obscure to some, but the "field" is just an engineering term for the world outside the factory where customers live.

 More expensive than custom silicon  Slower  No dynamic logic  No analog stuff(or small amount of fixed function analog stuff)

 DSP  Software-defined radio  Aerospace  Defense system  ASIC Prototyping  Medical Imaging  Speech Recognition  Cryptography  Bioinformatics

 FPGAs bring large amounts of computing power to bear on digital-signal processing problems  Scores of computation blocks  Fully parallel operation  Hundreds of I/O pins  High-level design tools greatly ease the development process.  Manufacturer development kits provide a solid foundation for application development and even production systems.  Fast fabrication time and lower cost are the main advantages of gate arrays over standard cells.It can be programmed instantly using a desktop computer.  The most compelling advantages of FPLDs are  low startup cost  low financial risk  quick manufacturing turnaround  easy design changes

 Major manufacturers XILINX & ALTERA  In March 2010, two FPGA companies TABULA & TIER LOGIC announced their new FPGA technology.Tabula uses time-multiplexing and Tier Logic 3D- FPGA technology.  In 1984, Invented by Xilinx co-founder Ross Freeman,the new semiconductor,now known as the field programmable gate array

 Digital Circuit and Design by S. Salivahanan & S. Arivazhagan. ISBN  CMOS Digital Integrated Circuit by Sung-Mo Kang & Yusuf Leblebici.ISBN  W IKIPEDIA : The Free Encyclopedia  Xilink Inc.