Pre-Class: Similarity between Atatürk, Muhammad Ali and Reza Khan

Middle East: Imperialism and Nationalism

Imperialism & Nationalism Imperialism: control of one country of the political, economic and cultural life of another country Mandate: region ruled by outside power: any territory that was placed by the League of Nations under the administration of one of its European member states after World War I Nationalism: desire for political independence:  especially by a country under foreign control or by a people with a separate identity and culture but no state of their own Relationship? Cause and effect

“The Sick Man of Europe” In the 18th and 19th centuries, Ottoman Empire faces major challenges from the following nations/people: Austria-Hungary – rival power in Europe Russia – rival power in Europe and Asia BOTH want territory from the Ottomans 3. Greeks, Serbs, Romanians, and Bulgarians living within Ottoman Empire These people wanted INDEPENDENCE from Ottomans

“The Sick Man of Europe” France and England alarmed by Ottoman decline; believe it will give Russia too much power in Europe and Middle East They call Ottomans “The Sick Man of Europe”

Ottoman Empire #1 Challenges to the Ottoman Empire: Imperialism: external Russia and Austria-Hungary wanted Ottoman provinces in Europe –encouraged revolts Nationalism: internal National groups within the empire sought independence Serbs, Romanians, Bulgarians

#2 Sultans try to Reforms of the Ottoman Empire Reforms to modernize the government & the army Like west Set up secular schools to teach students western ideas in science and technology SECULAR: nonreligious WERE REFORMS SUCCESSFUL? Reforms didn’t go smoothly Many Sultans refused demands

# 3 YOUNG TURKS Young army officers who wanted to Reform/strengthen the Ottoman Government – against the Sultans and put their own Sultan in place were nationalists: #4 Set up a puppet government with a new Sultan Ended Ottoman tolerance of different cultures and religions Turkification of ethnic minorities Joined WWI on side of Germans

# 4 Young Turks support Turkish Nationalism Wanted to end western imperialism Wanted to abandon diversity of culture and religions Followed a brutal policy of genocide that cause the death of hundreds of thousands of Armenians.

Resting after battle during Turkish revolution

The forgotten Holocaust: The Armenian Massacre 1915 Ottomans (Turkey) and Russia fight for control of Armenia in 1916-1917 After Russians withdraw, Turks seize territory and punish Armenians for their support of Russia Turks institute policy of massacre and famine, known as The Armenian Genocide As many as 1.5 million Armenians are killed Armenian Genocide Video 60 Minutes Armenian Genocide 2010

The Last Ottoman Emperor! Mehmed VI The Last Ottoman Emperor!

#5 What happened to the Ottoman Empire after WWI? The Ottoman empire sided with Germany against Russia, Britain and France. Defeat brought disaster to the Empire. 1919 the Versailles peace conference stripped the Ottoman Empire of its Arab provinces. MANDATE: TERRITORY THAT WAS ADMINISTERED BUT NOT OWNED BY A MEMBER OF THE LEAGUE OF NATIONS (FRANCE & GREAT BRITAIN)

Republic of Turkey 1923 Ottoman Empire sides with Germany and Austria-Hungary during World War I. Turkey loses World War I. ALL of its remaining territories outside Anatolia are lost Mustafa Kemal, a Turkish general and war hero, abolishes the Ottoman Empire and sets up a modern, secular state

#6 Who was Kemal Atatürk? Atatürk = Father of the Turk Mustafa Kemal Atatürk – military hero Declared the Republic of Turkey (1923)

#7 What did Kemal want to do? Determined to make Turkey a modern secular state – Program of Westernization

Reforms of Atatürk

#7 What did Kemal want to do? He used government funds to build industry Insisted on separation of religion and government Women won the right to vote & hold public office Adopted many features of western culture Replaced Arabic script with the western alphabet, western calendar, metric system He encouraged western-style clothing

A woman judge holding court in Turkey A woman judge holding court in Turkey, exemplifying the reforms in the rights of women instituted by Mustapha Kemal between 1924 and 1938.

Turkey Adopting a New Alphabet Atatürk turned Turkey toward the west in several ways, changing the calendar, methods of time-keeping, and systems of weights and measures. He replaced the Arabic script with the Roman alphabet. Here a teacher is explaining the new alphabet to students. Within the next few months, teachers were retrained, printing presses were equipped and courses were established to teach the masses the new alphabet. A three-year plan was enacted. The literacy rates during this time increased from around 10% to 75% for men and 45% for women.

#8 Who opposed Atatürk? Muslims opposed Atatürk’s policies Concerned that the western ways would destroy their traditions and values Opposed Westernization: the diffusion and adoption of European and American cultures

Quick Check The peace settlements after World War I angered the Arabs because 1. the Ottoman Empire was restored to power 2. Arab nationalism was outlawed 3. European nations acquired mandates over various Arab lands 4. Theodore Herzl was made ruler of Palestine

Quick Check Atatürk is best remembered for 1. ending European imperialism in Egypt. 2. modernizing Turkey. 3. overthrowing the Safavid Empire. 4. forcing the crusaders to leave Jerusalem.

Rise of Modern Egypt Ottomans lose control of Egypt in the late 18th century England and France (Napoleon) fight for control over Egypt

Rise of Modern Egypt Rivalry between Britain and France (#9) Both countries wanted to dominate Egypt and build a canal across the Isthmus of Suez

Rise of Modern Egypt -he was a soldier who fought against the French (#10) Muhammad Ali (not the boxer) becomes governor of Egypt -he was a soldier who fought against the French He introduced reforms to modernize Egypt Brought in French experts to train Egyptians in latest military & science techniques Introduced new farming techniques & promoted growing cash crops like cotton, sugar & tobacco textile mills Muhammad Ali (1769 – 1849)

#11 Developments encouraging Nationalism in Egypt Financial problems allowed imperialists to intervene Had to borrow money from European banks to continue policies (debt) Lost control of the Suez Canal Lost control of own economy

Muhammad Ali (1769 – 1849) Map of the Suez Canal

The Suez Canal Egypt borrows large sums of money from England and France to pay for Ali’s policies England and France interfere in Egyptian economy and politics French win the right to build Suez Canal; is completed in 1869

British Occupation Egyptians attempt to take back control of their country from Britain and France Britain takes control of Egypt in 1882 Egypt finally gains independence in 1922, but Suez Canal remains under British control until 1956

Suez Canal #12 Britain takes control of Egypt in 1882 Egypt declared their independence from Britain in 1922 Egypt gained control of the Suez Canal in 1956

Quick Check A similarity between Muhammad Ali and Atatürk was that both 1. wanted to build the Suez Canal 2. encouraged Islamic fundamentalism. 3. introduced western technology to their countries. 4. fought against the Allies in World War I.

#13 Challenges Iran faced European imperialism Russia and Britain both compete for influence in Iran (ancient Persia) Both want access to the Persian Gulf (sound familiar?) spheres of influence - oil controlled by Britain Shahs (king) were weak Government lacked power to resist European expansion

#14 Pahlavi Dynasty By early 1900’s, nationalists demand reform Reza Khan declared Iran’s independence & set up Pahlavi Dynasty Military leader He made himself shah In 1925, Reza Shah overthrew Ahmad Shah Qajar, the last Shah of the Qajar dynasty, and founded the Pahlavi dynasty. He established a system of government that revitalized the goals of the Constitutional Revolution of Iran

Reza Shah Pahlavi (1878-1944)

#15 Reza Khan’s Goals He set out to end foreign control and create a modern industrial state Reduce Muslim clergy power He pursued these goals by modernizing and westernizing Improved infrastructure Rights for women, western education, government and laws

Arab Nationalism Ottomans lose Arab lands after World War I Britain and France gain control of most of these territories, angering the Arabs Britain: receives Iraq, Transjordan, & Palestine France: gets Syria and Lebanon Mandate – arrangement granting control, but not ownership, of these territories to Britain and France

Colonel Thomas Edward Lawrence (1888-1935), the legendary and enigmatic "Lawrence of Arabia." British encouraged the Arabs to revolt against Turkish rule in 1916. T. E. Lawrence, a British officer, leads them. Is known as Lawrence of Arabia Is angered when British do not grant Arabs independence

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4ZD4153lubY http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4ZD4153IubY

#16 Causes of Arab Nationalism WWI Felt betrayed because provinces now became mandates Britain and France unwilling to withdrawl because of oil Some independence for Arabs

#17 Similarity between Atatürk, Muhammad Ali and Reza Khan they all tried to create modern industrialized nations and end foreign influence Nationalist Leaders