HIV and AIDS

Virus: non-living particles of DNA (or RNA) and protein Needs a cell to reproduce

Bacteria: single-celled organisms that lack a nucleus (aka prokaryotes)

Antibiotics: Chemicals that block the growth of bacteria; they have no effect on viruses.

Mutations: Random changes in DNA that lead to different phenotypes. Mutations lead to variation in a population.

T cells: WBC that kills infected cells B cells: WBC that makes antibodies

HIV: Human Immunodeficiency Virus; a virus that attacks our immune system’s T cells AIDS: Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome

A person has AIDS when: the number of T cells is less than 200 cells/mL of blood Testing for HIV: Involves the testing for HIV antibodies in the blood.

Time from HIV infection to onset of AIDS can exceed 10 years! A person with HIV can feel and appear healthy but infect other people “Who could I have infected?”

Transmission of HIV: Sexual contact: Semen, vaginal fluid, and mucous membranes may contain HIV Blood: Drug-users sharing needles, blood transfusions with contaminated blood Mother to child: during pregnancy or through breast milk Not transmitted by: Air, kissing or handshaking, saliva, tears, urine, mosquitoes

T cells in bloodHIV in blood Time Number of cells in 1mL of blood 200 T cells, Onset of AIDS

Opportunistic disease: A disease that makes you sick if given the “opportunity” of a weakened immune system There is no cure because: The virus rapidly mutates The following are AIDS-defining diseases (in persons with documented HIV infection): Burkitt's Lymphoma Candidiasis in the bronchi, trachea, lungs, or esophagus Coccidioidomycosis (disseminated or outside the lungs) Cryptococcosis (outside the lungs) Cryptosporidiosis in the intestines lasting for more than 1 month Cytomegalovirus [CMV] (outside the liver, spleen, or lymph nodes) Cytomegalovirus retinitis [CMV] (with loss of vision) HIV encephalopathy Herpes Simplex lesions lasting for more than 1 month duration Herpes Simplex in the bronchi, lungs, or esophagus Histoplasmosis (disseminated or outside the lungs) Immunoblastic Lymphoma Invasive cervical carcinoma (cancer) Isosporiasis in the intestines lasting for more than 1 month Kaposi's Sarcoma Lymphoma (primary in the brain) Mycobacterium avium complex [MAC] (disseminated or outside the lungs) Mycobacterium kansasii (disseminated or outside the lungs) Mycobacterium tuberculosis (TB) Mycobacterium [other types] (disseminated or outside the lungs) Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia Pneumonia (recurrent in 12 month period) Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy (PML) Salmonella septicemia (recurrent) Toxoplasmosis (in the brain) Wasting Syndrome

Kaposi’s sarcoma, a rare cancer Thrush, a fungus infection of the mouth Wasting syndrome, a severe loss of body mass, mostly muscle

Immune System: Mini-Quiz Please clear your desks. We will take a 10-question mini-quiz on the immune system.

Quiz 13- Immune System C C C D D C A D D A

Many species get diversity by sexual reproduction. Ex. Children are not identical to their parents. Viruses and bacteria reproduce asexually (aka cloning). If clones are copies, does a population of pathogens have diversity? Review: Why is diversity important? How do pathogens get diversity? Viruses have diversity by mutating. Bacteria have diversity by conjugation.

Conjugation: When two bacteria exchange genetic information, but don’t reproduce. Because of this diversity, bacteria and viruses can sometimes escape the immune system.

1.Why are the T cells decreasing in the graph? 2.What is the difference between AIDS and HIV? 3.Why do individuals with HIV get sick from opportunistic diseases, but you and I do not? 4.List 3 ways HIV is transmitted. 5.Why is HIV so difficult to cure? T cells in bloodHIV in blood Time

Catalyst: Week 31 Class 1 Some questions to consider… 1.What does “being successful” mean to you? 2.What do you want to be successful in this year? 3. What would you like to be successful with in life? 4. What are you willing to do to succeed?

How does all the IMMUNE SYSTEM relate to FOOD PRODUCTION? Mastitis Antibiotics Antibiotic Resistance living conditions E. coli

How does all the IMMUNE SYSTEM relate to FOOD PRODUCTION? Mastitis An infection of the udder resulting in pus and blood in the milk Antibiotics Anti= against, bio = life Chemicals that kills bacteria Antibiotic Resistance living conditions Cramped Unsanitary Corn-fed E. coli E.coli populations increase

The Endocrine System

Imagine you are sending a message to someone else (ex. Text, , letter, etc.). Three parts involved to sending a message: 1. Sender 2. Receiver 3. Message What is the function of the Endocrine System?: sends messages to different parts of the body through the bloodstream. Hormone: “The message” Chemical that acts as a message that affects other parts of the body.

Glands: “The sender” Where hormones are made. Each hormone is made by a specific gland. Target cell: “The receiver” Part of the body that is affected by the hormone Each hormone has its target cells. Endocrine System Overview

Some Important Hormones Adrenaline: Made in : the adrenal glands Target: brain, muscles, heart, lungs Effect: Alertness, “fight or flight”, fear, excitement Video 1 Video 2

Thyroxine: Made in: the thyroid gland Target: heart, brain, all cells Effect: Increases metabolism and growth

Gonadotrophins: Made in: pituitary gland (brain) Target: ovaries (female) and testes (male) Effect: puberty, sperm and egg production ovaries  produce estrogen testes  produce testosterone

Estrogen: Made in: Ovaries Target: brain, bones, fat, hair, sexual organs Effect: female sexual development

Testosterone: Made in: Testes Target: brain, muscles, hair, larynx, sexual organs Effect: male sexual development

Pituitary Gland Gonadotrophins Estrogen Testosterone Body cells TestesOvaries

Growth hormone: Made in: pituitary gland Target: fat cells and liver Effect: directly and indirectly stimulates growth, cell reproduction and regeneration in humans and other animals

Insulin: Made in: Pancreas Target: Cells in liver, fat, and muscle Effect: Take in glucose from the blood and stores it as glycogen

Catalyst: Week 31 Class 2 1.The bacteria below enters your body and your immune system makes antibodies for it. Draw what these antibodies look like. Label the antigens 2.What is a vaccine? 3.How does a vaccine keep us from getting sick?

How does all the ENDOCRINE SYSTEM relate to FOOD PRODUCTION? rBGH/rBST Milk production IGF-1 Cancer Birth defects Mastitis Infection rBGH: Your Milk On Drugs

Teen Dreams Teen Dreams Part 1 of 3 Teen Dreams Part 2 of 3 Teen Dreams Part 3 of 3

The Reproductive System

Let’s review a few terms. Diploid: Having 2 copies of each chromosome (symbol is 2n) Haploid: Having one copy of each chromosome (symbol is n) Gamete: a reproductive cell (Egg and sperm) Meiosis: process where 1 cell divides into 4 gametes

Male Reproductive System The function of the Male Reproductive System is to produce and deliver haploid sperm.

Main Parts: StructureFunction Testes Epididymis Vas deferens Urethra Penis Produces haploid sperm Stores mature sperm Tube that takes sperm to the urethra Tube that carries semen and urine Carries semen and urine out of the body Where meiosis happens

Female Reproductive System The functions of the Female Reproductive System are: 1.Produce a haploid egg 2.Support the developing baby

Main Parts: StructureFunction Ovary Fallopian tube Uterus Vagina Produces haploid egg Carries eggs to the uterus Canal that leads to the outside of the body Organ that carries the egg and developing baby Cervix Passage between uterus and vagina Where meiosis happens Where fertilization usually happens

The Great Sperm Race 1.Get out a sheet of paper. You may use half a sheet and share with a partner. 2.Put your name on it. 3.Title it “The Great Sperm Race.” 4.As you watch the video, you will write down at least ____ facts that you hear.

How does a baby get made? Properly INCLUDE and UNDERLINE at least 2 of the male reproductive parts. Properly INCLUDE and UNDERLINE at least 3 of the female reproductive parts. INCLUDE and UNDERLINE the terms sperm and egg.

Teen Dreams Teen Dreams Part 1 of 3 Teen Dreams Part 2 of 3 Teen Dreams Part 3 of 3

Catalyst: Week 31 Class 3 1.What type of cell has a chloroplast? 2.What type of cell has no nucleus? 3.Normal blood (R) is completely dominant to sickle cell anemia (r). Mate a homozygous recessive man with a heterozygous woman. a. Show the Punnett Square  b. What percent of the offspring is sick? _____ c. What percent of the offspring is healthy? _____ 4.The Central Dogma states: DNA  _____  _____ 1.After the Catalyst: Begin working on the CST Biology Review Packet. Please commit to working well and staying on-task! This will definitely help you next week on the CST! I appreciate being able to trust you to use your time effectively.