HVAC Excellence 2011 National HVACR Education & Trainers Conference Energy Efficient and Sustainable Buildings The Opportunities Ahead Gordon V.R. Holness P.E. ASHRAE Presidential Member

Energy Efficient and Sustainable Buildings The Opportunities Ahead Significant New Trends in the HVAC & R Industry as We Seek to HVAC & R Industry as We Seek to Resolve the Issues of Increasi Energy Demand, Decreasing Supply and Environmental Impact. Resolve the Issues of Increasing Energy Demand, Decreasing Supply and Environmental Impact.

WaterEnergy Environment Environment Energy Efficiency in Existing Buildings – Our Greatest Opportunity for a Sustainable Future Sustaining our Future by Rebuilding our Past

Is There a Need? World energy consumption is projected to grow by 53% from 2010 to 2030 (U.S. Energy Information Agency) World energy consumption is projected to grow by 53% from 2010 to 2030 (U.S. Energy Information Agency) Oil is forecasted to remain dominant energy source with coal forecasted as primary fuel for generating electricity Oil is forecasted to remain dominant energy source with coal forecasted as primary fuel for generating electricity – Cost of oil in 1976 vs. now Energy use increasingly shifting away from developed countries and becoming more carbon-intensive Energy use increasingly shifting away from developed countries and becoming more carbon-intensive – 120% Growth in CO 2 Emissions in the next 20 years Environmental Impact of increasing Atmospheric CO 2 Levels Environmental Impact of increasing Atmospheric CO 2 Levels – 180 ppm to 380 ppm to 580 ppm to ????

17% of fresh water consumption 25% of wood consumption 25% of wood consumption 39% of CO2 emissions 39% of CO2 emissions 30% of waste generation 30% of waste generation 40% of energy use 40% of energy use 55% of natural gas use 55% of natural gas use 72% of electrical energy use 72% of electrical energy use Buildings Repre Buildings Represent

Figure 1: Energy Consumption in the U.S. 6

Available Data Bases for Commercial Building Available Data Bases for Commercial Buildings Energy Information Agency under US Department of Energy Commercial Building Energy Consumption Survey – CBECS Whole Building Design Guide

Why Are We Here?

USA Energy Production and Imports Oil 70%/30% 30%/70% ??? Gas 100% 70%/30% ??? Gas 100% 70%/30% ??? Where will our Energy come from in the next 20 years? Where will our Energy come from in the next 20 years?

Atmospheric CO 2 Levels Pre-industrial: PPMPre-industrial: PPM 2007: 380 PPM2007: 380 PPM 2050 Business as usual: 580 PPM2050 Business as usual: 580 PPM Can we afford to take a to take achance?

CO 2 Emission Reduction USA Copenhagen CommitmentUSA Copenhagen Commitment 17% Reduction by % Reduction by 2020 Previous CommitmentPrevious Commitment 45% by % by % by % by 2050 How do we achieve that without significantly raising energy prices?

PER CAPITA ENERGY CONSUMPTION Worldwide Average 2000 Kwh/capita/year India 450 Kwh/ca[pita/year China 1800 Kwh/capita/year Argentina/Brazil2,200 Kwh/capita/year Europe 6,000 Kwh/capita/year Kuwait 13,600 Kwh/capita/year USA 16,000 Kwh/capita/year

Energy Efficient Buildings Key Factors for Success State Adoption of More Stringent Codes State Adoption of More Stringent Codes Raising Public Awareness Raising Public Awareness Legislation and Incentive Action Legislation and Incentive Action Technical Issues Design & ConstructionTechnical Issues Design & Construction Procedural Issues – Commissioning Procedural Issues – Commissioning Operation and Maintenance Operation and Maintenance Measurement and Verification Measurement and Verification Occupant Behavior – Changing Mindsets and Culture Occupant Behavior – Changing Mindsets and Culture

SMART Grid, SMART Meters, SMART Systems Why Should We Care? Utility Deregulation – Utility Rate De-Coupling Utility Deregulation – Utility Rate De-Coupling Demand Response and Control Demand Response and Control Real Time Pricing Real Time Pricing Thermal Storage (Bridge Cycles in Wind & Solar) Thermal Storage (Bridge Cycles in Wind & Solar) Communication and Control Development Communication and Control Development ASHRAE Standard 135 BACNet ASHRAE Standard 135 BACNet ASHRAE Standard 201SMART Grid Information ASHRAE Standard 201SMART Grid Information

Net-Zero Energy Buildings Buildings which, on an annual basis, use no more energy than is provided by on- site renewable energy sources.

How Do We Get There? Building Orientation) Building Orientation) Siting and Location) Siting and Location) Building Envelope Efficiency ) And How Much Building Envelope Efficiency ) And How Much Material Use) Material Use) Fenestration ) Will this Cost? Fenestration ) Will this Cost? Use of Day Lighting) Use of Day Lighting) Advanced Lighting Design) Advanced Lighting Design) HVAC Systems) HVAC Systems) Indoor Air Quality) Indoor Air Quality) Water Conservation) Water Conservation)

Energy Efficient and Sustainable Buildings Will this Just Lead to Higher First Cost? In the Life Cycle of a Building : Initial Construction Cost is only 2% Operational and Energy Cost is only 6% Operational and Energy Cost is only 6% Occupancy Cost Accounts for 92% Occupancy Cost Accounts for 92%

Energy Saving Incentive Programs Energy Policy Act - EPAC 2005 Energy Independence and Security Act - EISA 2007 American Clean Energy and Security Act ACES 2009/10 still pending Tax Incentive & Assistance Program - TIAP American Recovery and Reinvestment Act – ARRA

NZEB for Federal Facilities Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007 (EISA) requires new federal buildings to reduce their fossil fuel based energy use by 55% by 2010 and to zero by EPAC 2005 / EISA 2007 Existing Federal Buildings 30% reduction in energy use by 2015

New Federal Building Targets EISA 433 Against 2003 CBECS (EUI – Kbtu/ft 2.yr) YearReductionEUI % % % % %0.00 EPAC 2005 / EISA 2007 Existing Federal Buildings 30% reduction in energy use by 2015

FEDERAL ENERGY LEGISLATION HR 2454 AMERICAN CLEAN ENERGY AND SECURITY ACT – 2009 S.1462 Energy Bill & S.1733 CLIMATE CHANGE 30% Reduction in Energy by 2010 ) New 50% Reduction in Energy by 2016 ) Residential & Commercial 75% Reduction in Energy by 2021 )

Our Greatest Opportunities? 2% of Building Projects are New Construction 86% of Construction Dollars go into Existing Buildings 75% to 80% of All Buildings That will Exist in 2030 Exist Today! Exist Today!

The Cost of Being Green What is the cost of simply taking energy out of buildings? McKinsey - Energy Efficiency – Invest $170 Billion per year in the USA Offering 17% ROI Saving 9.3 Quads/yr (23%) by 2020 McKinsey Global Institute Building Star – Rebuilding America Program Building Star – Rebuilding America Program Retrofit 50 Million Existing Residential and Commercial Buildings by 2020 $500 billion cost over 10 years, $685 million in energy Savings, 625,000 jobs created 20% Reduction in Electrical Energy 15% Reduction in Gas Energy

ASHRAE’s Path Forward Tools We Can Bring to the Table Standard 90.1 Standard Standard Standard 100 Standard 100 Advanced Energy Design Guides Commissioning and Retro Commissioning Commissioning and Retro Commissioning Operation and Maintenance Guidance

ASHRAE Standard Purpose “… Provide minimum requirements for the energy- efficient design of buildings except low-rise residential buildings”

Energy Codes Development Standard 90.1 Year EUI Btu/Sq.Ft.Yr ChangeRate per Year Pre , ,00027% ,90014%1%/yr ,3004%0.40%/yr ,25019%3.8%/yr ,60030%5.0%/yr ,62530%5.0%/yr ,30020%5.0%/yr Excludes Plug and Process Loads

Current State Adoptions of Standard 90.1

Specific Energy Figures CBECS Data for Commercial Buildings 1979 – 125,000 Btu/sq. ft./year (Approx) 1992 – 90,500 Btu/sq.ft/year 1999 – 85,100 Btu/sq.ft/year 2003 – 91,000 Btu/sq.ft/year

ANSI/ASHRAE/USGBC/IESNA Standard

Standard Topic Areas SSSS WEWE EEEE IEQIEQ MRMR COCO Sustainable Sites Water Use Efficiency Energy Efficiency Indoor Environmental Quality Building’s Impact on the Atmosphere, Materials & Resources Construction and Operations Plans & Commissioning

Standard Building Blocks

Special Projects/Publications Advanced Energy Design Guides – provide 30 percent energy savings over Standard 90.1 Advanced Energy Design Guides – provide 30 percent energy savings over Standard 90.1 – Small office buildings – Small retail buildings – Warehouses – Highway Lodgings – Kindergarten through grade 12 schools – Health Care Facilities

ANSI/ASHRAE/IESNA Standard ? 34

Identify Potential Energy Saving Measures for Existing Buildings Routine Maintenance and Repairs Retro – Commissioning Retro – Commissioning Utility Tariffs/Negotiations Utility Tariffs/Negotiations Tenant Fit Out and Improvements Tenant Fit Out and Improvements Equipment Replacement Equipment Replacement Major Renovations Major Renovations

Identify Potential Energy Saving Measures for Existing Buildings Building Envelope Lighting Systems Window Replacement T5 Versus T8/T12 Lamps Window Replacement T5 Versus T8/T12 Lamps Solar Films Compact Fluorescent Bulbs Solar Films Compact Fluorescent Bulbs Caulking/Sealing Electronic Ballasts Caulking/Sealing Electronic Ballasts Enhanced Insulation Day Lighting Controls Enhanced Insulation Day Lighting Controls Motion Sensors Motion Sensors HVAC Systems Controls/Other HVAC Systems Controls/Other Higher Equip. Efficiencies Management Systems Higher Equip. Efficiencies Management Systems Heat Recovery Maintenance Systems Heat Recovery Maintenance Systems Displacement Ventilation Monitoring/Auditing Displacement Ventilation Monitoring/Auditing DOAS Applied Photo Voltaics DOAS Applied Photo Voltaics GSHP Variable Speed Drives GSHP Variable Speed Drives

Role of Commissioning and Retro Commissioning Why is Cx or RCx so Critical ? Buildings are very complex prototypical machines UniqueUnique Built on-siteBuilt on-site Built by handBuilt by hand Thousands of independent componentsThousands of independent components Most buildings do not operate as intended

Measurement and Verification Information is Key to Success Information is Key to Success Metering and Sub Metering Metering and Sub Metering Graphical Displays Graphical Displays Building Energy Labeling Building Energy Labeling

ASHRAE Energy Labeling Building eQ Program

8/17/ Building Information Modeling Energy Simulation and Modeling

8/17/ Building Information Modeling

8/17/ System Simulation, Control and Monitoring Building Information Modeling

What Can We Expect Highly Insulated Building Envelope Highly Insulated Building Envelope High Performance Fenestration High Performance Fenestration Optimized use of Day lighting Optimized use of Day lighting Low Density Ambient Lighting - Electronic Dimmable Low Density Ambient Lighting - Electronic Dimmable High Efficiency Task Lighting – Occupancy Control High Efficiency Task Lighting – Occupancy Control Dedicated Outdoor Air Systems with Enthalpy Recovery and Demand Control Dedicated Outdoor Air Systems with Enthalpy Recovery and Demand Control Expanded use of Heat Pumps Expanded use of Heat Pumps Radiant Heating and Cooling Systems Radiant Heating and Cooling Systems High Performance Packaged DX Systems - VRF High Performance Packaged DX Systems - VRF On Going Commissioning, Operation and Maintenance On Going Commissioning, Operation and Maintenance

What Will It Take? More Uniformly Applied and Enforced Building Codes More Uniformly Applied and Enforced Building Codes Higher Energy Costs Higher Energy Costs Peak Load Shaving and Demand Control Peak Load Shaving and Demand Control Possible Carbon Tax Possible Carbon Tax Move beyond certificates of occupancy towards actual regulation of Building Energy Use. Move beyond certificates of occupancy towards actual regulation of Building Energy Use. Increasingly the Issues will not be Technical nor will they be Political or even Economic ! They will be Cultural

Occupant Behavior Changing Mindsets and Culture Plug and Process Loads in BuildingsPlug and Process Loads in Buildings LightingLighting Thermal ComfortThermal Comfort Raising AwarenessRaising Awareness Energy Costs and AvailabilityEnergy Costs and Availability Environmental AwarenessEnvironmental Awareness Legislation and Code changeLegislation and Code change Culture of SustainabilityCulture of Sustainability

Is That Enough? Can we get there with our current Prescriptive Codes and Standards Process ? How do We Address Actual Versus Theoretical Building Performance ? Do we need to go Beyond Certificate of Occupancy ? Will Building Owners and Consumers Accept Intrusion into their Daily Lives?

As Educators and Trainers Understand the Issues This is About More Than Just Technology Raise Fundamental Understanding Teach Energy Auditing & Management Emphasize Operation and Maintenance Promote Continuous Commissioning Encourage Rebates and Incentives

Education and Training is essential for the next generation The Dawning of a New Era

Sustaining Our Future By Rebuilding Our Past When we build let it not be for present use alone. Let it be such work as our descendants thank us” John Ruskin 1875