SOCIOLOGY “THE BARE BONES” “must haves” for EVERY STUDENT!!!

CHAPTER 1 THE SOCIOLOGICAL POINT OF VIEW

Sociology: the social science that studies human society & social behavior How does Sociology compare/contrast with other Social Sciences? Anthropology: the comparative study of past & present cultures – leans to past/uncivilized instead of present/advanced Psychology: behavior & thinking of organisms – individual behavior over group behavior Social Psychology: study of how social environments affect individual’s behavior/personality Economics: study of how people make efforts to satisfy needs & wants – leans towards impersonal data Political Science: examination of the organization/operation of governments – Sociology leans towards effects of governments on people History: study of past events – past overall instead of past’s effects on people

The Founders of Sociology (Quick History!) Auguste Conte: founder of sociology (coined term) – applied methods of physical science towards study of social life Herbert Spencer: applied teachings of Charles Darwin towards society Social Darwinism: “survival of the fittest” amongst societies over time Karl Marx: society’s structure directly defined by the economy – bourgeoisie: capitalists – proletariat: workers eventually, workers will rise up & create classless society Emile’ Durkheim: the observation of society based purely on observable data/statistical analysis Max Weber: understand individual by putting them into the group – Verstehen: puts oneself in the shoes of another – Ideal Type: the combination of society’s ideal characteristics

CHAPTER 2 CULTURAL DIVERSITY

Culture: all the shared products of human groups Material Culture: Nonmaterial Culture: physical objects that people create & useabstract human creationsExamples: automobiles, books, buildings, clothing,beliefs, family patterns, computers & cookingideas, language, political & economic systems & rules Components of Culture technology: culture’s physical objects & rules to use symbols: represents something else language: organization of written or spoken symbols into standardized system values: shared beliefs about right/wrong, good/bad, desirable/undesirable norms: shared rules of conduct in specific situations Examining Culture culture traits: individual tool, act or belief related to particular situation/need culture complexes: cluster of interrelated traits culture patterns: combination of a number of culture complexes into interrelated whole

Cultural Universals: features common to all cultures that must be met to ensure fulfillment George Murdock (1940s): 65 cultural universals body adornment, cooking, dancing, family, feasting, forms of greeting, funeral ceremonies, gift giving, housing, language, medicine, myths/folklore, religion, sports, toolmaking EthnocentrismCultural Relativism the tendency to view one’s ownbelief that a culture should be culture & group as superiorjudged by its own standards to other different culturesrather than by those of a different cultureExamples vary: labeling another culture asexamining how another society inferior based on technologyviews its dress or diet Culture SubcultureCounterculture groups that share values, normsgroup rejecting mainstream values, & behaviors not shared by entirenorms & practices & adapting a populationnew set of beliefs ---age, gender, ethnic, religious,---cyberpunk movement, political, geographic, social-class,anarchists, organized crime occupationalfamilies, hippie movements of the 1960s

CHAPTER 3 CULTURAL CONFORMITY & ADAPTATION

Robin Williams: Traditional American Values personal achievement individualism work morality & humanitarianism efficiency & practicality progress & material comfort equality & democracy freedom – nationalism & patriotism – science & rationality – racial & group superiority

Enforcement of Social Norms InternalizationSanctions how a norm becomes a part of a person’srewards or punishments personality, thus conditioning the personused to enforce conformity to conform to society’s expectationsto norms PositiveNegative action that rewards a particularpunishment or the threat of kind of behaviorpunishment to enforce conformity FormalInformal reward or punishment by aspontaneous expression of formal organization or regulatorydisapproval or disapproval by an agency, such as governmentindividual or group Source of Social ChangeExampleSocial Consequences values & beliefs technology population diffusion physical environment wars & conquests

CHAPTER 4 SOCIAL STRUCTURE

social structure: the network of interrelated statuses & roles that guide human interaction status: a socially defined position in a group or in a society role: the behavior (the rights & obligations) expected of someone occupying a particular status StatusExamples of Roles Examples of Conflict/Strain_______ firefighterputting out fires, saving lives, voluntarily puts self in danger but wearing a uniform has loved ones who need him or her motherproviding food & shelter, work fatigue & long shifts make nurturing family, disciplining household tasks & interactions children difficult P.T.A. presidentrunning meetings, recruiting has trouble getting members to new members, planning attend & follow through on promises activities Reciprocity Exchange Theory Types of Social Interaction:1) exchange2) competition3) conflict 4) cooperation5) accommodation group: a set of people who interact on the basis of shared expectations & who possess some degree of common identity subsistence strategies: the way a society uses technology to provide for the needs of its members Types of Societies: Preindustrial: hunting & gathering; pastoral; horticultural; mechanical solidarity → agricultural Industrial: manufacturing → urban; technology; organic solidarity Postindustrial: information; provision of services

The Continuum of Primary-Secondary Relationships Primary Group Relationships Secondary Group Relationships familygroups of friendsschool clubclassroom job Group Functions:1) define boundaries2) select leaders 3) set goals4) assign tasks 5) make decisions6) control members’ behavior formal organization: a large, complex secondary group that has been established to achieve specific goals bureaucracy: ranked authority structure that operates according to specific rules & procedures rationality: subjecting every feature of human behavior to calculation, measurement & control SAMPLE BEAUCRATIC HEIRARCHY Head of the Bureaucracy (CEO, superintendent, president, etc.) ↓ VP/department headVP/department head ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ (subordinates) ↓

CHAPTER 5 SOCIALIZING THE INDIVIDUAL

personality: the sum total of behaviors, attitudes, beliefs & values that are characteristic of an individual Factors That Shape Individual Personality Development hereditybirth order____________ physical traits, aptitudes, inheritedif they have siblings & if so, order of birth characteristics, biological drivescompared to him or her parentscultural environment_________________ parental characteristics: such as age,determines the basic personality types education, religion & economic statusfound in society ??? NATURE vs. NURTURE ??? socialization: the interactive process through which people learn the basic skills, values, beliefs & behavior patterns of a society NameProcess of Socialization Theory_____ John LockeTabula Rasa: each person is a blank slate at birth, with no personality People develop personality as a result of their social experiences. Moreover, infants can be molded into any type of person. Charles HortonLooking Glass Self: infants have no sense of person or place. Cooley Childrendevelop an image of themselves based on how others see them. Other people act as a mirror, reflecting back the image a child projects through their reactions to the child’s behavior.

George HerbertRole Taking: people not only come to see themselves as others see them but also take on or pretend to take on the roles of others through imitation, play & games. This process enables people to anticipate what others expect of them. agents of socialization: the specific individuals, groups & institutions that enable socialization to take place i.e. the family, the peer group, the school, the mass media Mass Media as a Socialization Agent:  mass media includes books, films, the Internet, magazines, newspapers, radio & television  television probably as the most influence on children  the effect of television on children is an ongoing debate

CHAPTER 6 THE ADOLESCENT IN SOCIETY

adolescence: the period between the normal onset of puberty & the beginning of adulthood puberty: the physical maturing that makes an individual capable of sexual reproduction Prior to 1860s adolescence did not exist as a separate life stage. children were treated as small adults. EducationWorkCourts children stay in schoollaws restricted childjuvenile-justice longer; extended periodlabor, also increasingsystem legally of dependencelength of dependencydistinguished b/w youth & adults Effect development of adolescence as a distinct life stage b/w childhood & adulthood Characteristics of Adolescence: biological growth & development undefined status increased decision making increased pressure the search for self

dating: the meeting of people as a romantic engagement (in societies that allow individuals to choose their own marriage partners) courtship: express purpose is eventual marriage →dating may lead to marriage, but casually for, entertainment & amusement CauseEffect Industrial Revolutionpeople moved from the farms to the cities, where young adults could gain more economic freedom & their own homes. as a result, parental control over young adults & courtship decreased Public Educationby the 1900s, most secondary-school students attended coeducational public schools, which increased interaction between boys & girls Automobileyoung adults had more freedom of movement away from parents Telephoneyoung adults could more easily talk to members of the opposite sex Equality of Womenmore women entered the workforce & took on more active community roles, which increased the interaction b/w single adult men & women

ProblemCausesConsequences________ Teenage Sexual Behaviorloosening of norms concerningteenage pregnancy; sexuality; low-income, one-parentexposure to or familiesacquiring STDs such as syphilis or AIDS Teenage Drug Usedropping out of school; havingincrease in the use friends who use drugs; social &of some drugs academic adjustment problems;among teens; hostile & rejecting family settingsincrease in drug- related violence Teenage Suicidealcohol or drug use; triggeringdeath; possible cluster events such as family crisis oreffects leading to other trials of adolescence;teenage suicides; rise being female; social isolation;in U.S. teenage living in an underpopulated area;bad family suicide rate; teen environment; cluster effectsuicide rate now from publicized suicidesexceeds that for adults

CHAPTER 7 THE ADULT IN SOCIETY

life structure: the combination of statuses of roles, activities, goals, values, beliefs & life circumstances that characterize an individual Ages: Early Adulthood Era17-22Early Adult Transition – Entering the Adult World – Age 30 Transition – Settling Down Period Middle Adulthood Era40-44Midlife Transition – Entering Middle Adulthood – Age 50 Transition – Culmination of Middle Adulthood Late Adulthood Era60-64Late Adult Transition Late Adult Transition

Phases of Adult Female Development Phase 1: Leaving the Family characteristics: young women leave home, break from their parents & form a life plan with an emphasis on marriage over establishing a career Phase 2: Entering the Adult World characteristics: many women, often in their 20s, marry & have children. More than ½ combine work & motherhood. Others leave work, which limits later job opportunities Phase 3: Entering the Adult World Again characteristics: many women, often in their early 30s, return to work after their children start school. They then pursue their career goals, similar to men in their 20s Percentage Distribution of Working Women by Marital Status, % Married 27% Single 20% Widowed, Divorced or Separated

CHAPTER 8 DEVIANCE & SOCIAL CONTROL

CHAPTER 9 SOCIAL STRATIFICATION

CHAPTER 10 RACIAL & ETHNIC RELATIONS

CHAPTER 11 GENDER, AGE & HEALTH

CHAPTER 12 THE FAMILY

CHAPTER 13 THE ECONOMY & POLITICS

CHAPTER 14 EDUCATION & RELIGION

CHAPTER 15 SCIENCE & THE MASS MEDIA

CHAPTER 16 POPULATION & URBANIZATION

CHAPTER 17 COLLECTIVE BEHAVIOR & SOCIAL MOVEMENTS

CHAPTER 18 SOCIAL CHANGE & MODERNIZATION