Intrinsic Value and the Good Life n Moral Good versus the nonmoral good n What is the position of the good life (nonmoral sense), i.e., intrinsic value and morality?

Nonmoral Values n Utility values - good because of usefulness. n Extrinsic values - good because are a means to the good. n Inherent values - good because of contemplating them. n Intrinsic values - good because of own intrinsic properties.

Nonmoral values continued. n Contributory values - good because they contribute to the good life or parts of it. n Final Values - the final standard, the complete criteria for judging.

What is the criteria to decide? n Pleasure is good, the true goal of life is a pleasurable life - what one should aim at... n Hedonistic theory of nonmoral value..a theory about the good, not the right.

Hedonism n Pleasure is a term which refers to two distinct but related views. One a thesis in normative ethics, the other a generalization about human psychology.

Frankena...mixed deontology and hedonism n 1. The good life is or should be a minister. n 2. The good life is minister to self and others. u The pursuit is not just the good life, or good things, but to act justly, honestly, temperately, and benevolently. u Virtue is its own reward.

Meaning and Justification Frankena, Chapter 6 and other thoughts and writers...

Metaethics.. n Moral philosophy, at best what ought to be. n Past moral philosophers - gave guidance on what to do, what to seek, and how to treat others. Plato, Aristotle, Epicurus, Hobbes, Spinoza and so forth tried to act as parish priests.

Early Metaethicists n Give guidance n Task: u set forth systematic first principles and show how it is possible to justify them. u Practical..how to live and how one ought to live. u Goal…to actually become good.

Contemporary metaethicists n Study of words and concepts n Object is not practice but knowledge…knowledge of the meaning of moral concepts. n Analyze and discuss the meaning of fuction of moral statements.

Metaethics n Philosophical Analysis u clarification and understanding u Important aka Frankena F any reflective person should have understanding of the meaning and justification of one’s ethical jugements, especially considering this age.

Metaethics... n What is the meaning or definition of ethical terms or concepts like “right,” “wrong”, “good” or “bad”? u What is the nature, meaning or function of judgments in relation to these or similar concepts? u What are the rules for the use of such terms and sentences?

Metaethics.. n 2. How are moral uses of such terms to be distinguished from nonmoral ones, moral judgments from other normative ones? u What is the meaning of “moral” as contrasted with “nonmoral”

Metaethics…. n 3. What is the analysis or meaning of related terms or concepts like “action” “conscience”, “free will” “intention” “promising” “excusing”, “motive” “responsibility”, “reason”, “voluntary”?

Metaethics... n 4. Can ethical and value judgments be proved, justified, or shown to be valid? u If so, how and in what sense? What is the logic of moral reasoning and of reasoning about value?

Metaethics in everyday life. n Legal n Moral n Professional

Legal n Guiding ethical behavior. Standards that are stringently and strictly applied in all situations and for all people. n Specific penalities or consequences for actions which go against the rules. n The rules are clear about what is acceptable and what is not. Either the referee or cop monitors our behavior.

Moral/Social Acceptability. n Not as tight as legal, but provide society with a relatively firm set of rules for right and wrong. n What may be acceptable in LA may not be acceptable in Moscow, ID. n the acceptable standards vary among subcultures but usually have their own standards.

Professional n Most professional associations have some set of standards and guidelines for the conduct of members. n May be legalistic and strictly imposed or be loosely defined. n Standards reflect the values and beliefs of that group.

Metaethical View of Teaching Moral Thinking.. n Lawrence Kohlberg n Piaget n Lickona

Components of Good Character u Moral Knowing –Moral Awareness –Knowing moral values –Perspective-taking –Moral Reasoning –Decision Making –Self Knowledge u Moral Valuing –Conscience –Self-esteem –Empathy –Loving the good –Self-Control –Humility u Moral Doing - Competence - Will - Habit T. Lickona, 1990

A Schematic of the process of Character Development from learning to doing.....i EnvironmentModelingCognitive Dissonance Informal LearningFormal Instruction The Triad of Character Development* Valuing Knowing Doing Past & Present Experiences.... Moral Instruction, moral reasoning... Family, Friends, Teachers... Moral Education Learning *See, T. Lickona, Educating for Character Copyright 1994, Sharon K ay Stoll, Ph.D. Center for ETHICS*

n Formal Reasoning Process –A Strong Philosophic Base –Moral Reasoning Process –Supported by Moral Development Theory –Focused Toward A Content Area –Proved, Pedagogical Skills –Instructor Education Program »Teaching methodology »Total curriculum »Assessment »Specific classes Copyright 1994, Sharon K ay Stoll, Ph.D. Center for ETHICS* The Process of Developing Character through....

Cognitive MD based on: u What is considered right and fair? u What are the reasons for doing the right? u What are the underlying social-moral perspectives?

Cognitive Developmentalists Piaget, Kohlberg, Lickona...

Piaget’s Theory

Kohlberg’s Stage Theory u Level 1 = Preconventional u Level 2 = Conventional u Level 3 = Postconventional

Preconventional Level

Conventional Level

Post Conventional or Principled Level

Relativism…the constant ???? n Frankena’s descriptive, metaethical and normative… u usually thought of in two senses. F ethical relativism F cultural relativism

Ethical relativsm n Because ethics is indefinable by its very nature, and because definitions lie in word usage, we really cannot understand the essence of the “moral” life. Because it can not be understood, therefore attempting to develop guidelines is senseless and illogical.

Cultural relativism n …each and every culture has a different set of demands and expectations of its moral community life. Because of such diversity, no standard set of guidelines or rules are possible. To develop such rules would violate the essence of the diverse world.

Frankena’s summation... n The Moral Point of View, pp u 1. One is making normative judgments about actions, desires, disposition, intentions, motives, persons, or traits of character. (Chapter one and two) u 2. One is wiling to universalize one’s judgments. (Chapter three)

n Moral Point… u 3. one’s reasons for one’s judgments consist of facts about what the things judged do to the lives of sentient beings in terms of promoting or distributing non-moral good or evil. (Chapters 3 and 4) u 4. when the judgment is about oneself or one’s own actions, one’s reasons include such facts about what one’s own actions and dispositions do to the lives of other sentient beings. (Chapters 4 and 5).

Why be moral? n 1. What are the motives for doing what is morally right? n 2. What is the justification for doing what is morally right? n 3. What is the motivation for adopting the moral point of view and subscribing to the moral institution of live? n 4. What is its justification?