Integrating Greek and English Digital Resources Sean Boisen Computer Assisted Research Section, S Slides at:

Outline Motivation and thesis Overview of cross-lingual resources Cross-lingual semantic mapping and applications Conclusions

Motivation Expand the utility of existing Greek resources Open new possibilities for English-oriented students Thesis: integrating English resources can provide additional tools, resources, and insights

Overview of Resources ESV English-Greek Reverse Interlinear New Testament OpenText.Org Syntactically Analyzed Greek New Testament (“OpenText”) Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament Based on Semantic Domains (“Louw-Nida”) WordNet

ESV Reverse Interlinear Designed to aid English readers in accessing the Greek NT Careful attention to word-level correspondence Acts 21:1

Reverse Interlinear Information Structure Bi-directional lexical mapping Preserves word order in both languages Andwhenwehadpartedfromthemandsetsail ὩςὩςδὲδὲἐ γένετο ἀ ναχθ ῆ ναι ἡμᾶςἡμᾶς ἀ ποσπασθέντας ἀ π’αὐτῶναὐτῶν

Reverse Interlinear Applications Lexicographic distribution –γίνομαι and English translational equivalents – ἔ ρχω: coming vs. going Part-of-speech –ε ὐ θυδρομήσαντες (VPNPMAA) vs. “by a straight course” (Adj) –Distributional analysis Integration of other English resources

Overview: OpenText.org Syntactic annotation of the Greek New Testament –Syntactic groups up to the clause level Acts 21:1

OpenText Applications Word-level alignment to ESV Reverse Interlinear enables integration with English tools and resources –Numerous automated English analytical tools are available –Enables cross-lingual comparison: part-of-speech distribution, syntactic analysis, etc.

Overview: Louw-Nida Domain grouping: –“Object referents” (entities): 1-12 –Events: –“Abstracts”: –Discourse referentials: 92 –Names of persons and places: 93 Sub-domains with hypernyms (“is-a”) and hyponyms

Overview: Louw-Nida (2) Organized semantically into “meaning entries” –groups of terms with a shared sense that are semantically distinguishable from others –Meanings within a sub-domain are ordered: “those meanings which are treated first tend to be of a more generic nature, while more specific meanings follow” (LN Introduction, p. vi) Index of Greek terms to meaning entries Partial index of English terms to sense groups

Louw-Nida Information Structure 6: Artifacts 6.B: Agriculture & Husbandry 6.C: Fishing6.D: Binding and Fastening6.E: Traps, Snares 6.A: General Artifacts Also: Weapons Boats Vehicles For Writing Money For Music Images Lights Furniture And others … 6.23 παγίς “an object used for trapping or snaring, principally of birds” ‘trap’ ‘snare’ 6.24 θήρα “an instrument used for trapping, especially of animals other than birds” ‘trap’ ‘snare’ 6.25 σκάνδαλον “a trap, probably of the type which has a stick which when touched by an animal causes the trap to shut” ‘trap’

Polysemy in Louw-Nida 6978 meanings Greek index –6805 terms –8428 term-meaning pairs English index –4622 terms –9586 term-meaning pairs

Applications of Louw-Nida Semantic concordance Identifying semantic coherence and lexical chains Text similarity assessment Collocation analysis (O’Donnell 2005) Challenges –Shallow hierarchy –Coverage limited to NT only

Overview: WordNet Rich hierarchy of English meanings Organized into synonym sets (synsets) Additional relationships beyond hypernyms –Part/whole (holonym/meronym) –Derivational relationships On-line browser at Using version 3.0 –Python and Natural Language Toolkit (NLTK,

WordNet Information Structure artifact device trap instrumentality, instrument net fishnet, fishing net snare, gin, noose trap (verb) Related-to bait, decoy, lure Has-part

Mapping Louw-Nida to WordNet Extract meaning entries and their hierarchy Extract the term-to-meaning indexes Invert the English index to map LN meanings to English terms Use the English terms to identify a WordNet synsets (or cluster) –More refined approach: Use Logos’ disambiguated annotation of the Greek NT with Louw-Nida data (forthcoming) –Refine this with mappings from ESV Reverse Interlinear

Application: Lexical Chains

Application: Semantic Indexing for Search Use the more refined WordNet hierarchy to provide a richer search interface Example: “addiction” –ESV uses related adjective in 1Tim.3.8, “not addicted to much wine” –Relevant LN meaning for προσέχω is LN Domain Aspect, Subdomain Continue Gloss: ‘to continue to give oneself to, to continue to apply oneself to.’ –“addiction”, “addict”, “addicted” not in the LN English index –Nothing leads directly back to LN.25.A (Desire, Want, Wish) or LN.25.B (Desire Strongly)

English Applications: Search (2) WordNet hierarchy: –Addiction (an abnormally strong craving) Craving (an intense desire for some particular thing) –Desire (the feeling that accompanies an unsatisfied state) –“crave”, “craving” also not in LN English index Though two related terms, νοσέω and ὀ ρέγομαι, also occur in 1Tim and are translated by ESV as “craving” Richer semantic hierarchy “fills in the gaps” –Connects with user interest –Leads back to relevant semantic groups

Integration as a Research Strategy General benefits of Greek and English resource integration –Evaluate Greek results against a larger background –Provide the benefits of Greek scholarship to a wider audience –Extending narrow resources to a broader corpus

Conclusions Cross-lingual integration opens up new possibilities Valuable data resources for empirically-based analysis

References Fellbaum, C., editor (1998). WordNet: An Electronic Lexical Database. Louw, J. P. and Nida, E. A., editors (1989). Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament: Based on Semantic Domains. O'Donnell, M. B. (2005). Corpus Linguistics and the Greek of the New Testament.