+ Belief Model Raquel Blamires, Becky Siddoway, Ari Messerly Jaquoy Prows Valerie Wheelwright Megan Passey Raquel Blamires, Becky Siddoway, Ari Messerly Jaquoy Prows Valerie Wheelwright Megan Passey Health

+ Background Theorists: (1950’s) Group of social psychologists: o Godfrey Hochbaum o Stephen Kegels, o Irwin Rosenstock. Trying to explain why people were not participating in disease detection programs. (Tuberculosis Screening)

+ Defined Purpose Value Expectancy Theories: A goal setting theory based on level of aspiration, in which the individual sets the target of future performance based on past performance. Originally developed to predict preventive health behavior, revised to include general health motivation. Kurt Lewin

+ Importance One of the first models developed exclusively for health-related behaviors. Currently among the most popular models Has been revised to apply to a greater number of people (Expanded)

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+ Perceived Susceptibility Definition: Subjective belief that a person may acquire a disease or enter a harmful state as a result of a particular disease.

+ Perceived Severity Definition: belief in the extent of harm that can result from the acquired disease or harmful state of a particular behavior. SEVERE (death) MILD

+ Perceived Benefits Definition: Belief in the advantages of the methods suggested for reducing the risk or seriousness of the disease of harmful state from a particular behavior.

+ Perceived Barriers Concern that the new behavior will take too much time. Their belief could be actual or imagined.

+ Cues to action To cause a force that would make a person feel the need to take action.

+ Self-efficacy Confidence in a persons ability to purse a behavior

+ Primary Prevention example for HBM Should I get the H1N1 vaccination?

+ Constructs & applications  Perceived susceptibility  How likely is it I will get swine flu?  Perceived severity  Perceived benefits  How bad would it be if I did?  What do I gain by getting the shot?

+ Constructs & applications Perceived Barriers Perceived Barriers Is it available- what’s the cost? Is it available- what’s the cost? Cues to Action Cues to Action Self Efficacy Self Efficacy Posters, s, commercials Posters, s, commercials I am confident I can be healthy I am confident I can be healthy

+ Research Example A. Purpose Analyze health beliefs on practicing breast self examination (BSE) among Turkish mothers and their daughters, who were nursing students.

+ Research Example B. Results Nursing student daughters practiced BSE more regularly than their mothers. The mothers scored higher in perceived susceptibility and barriers

+ Research Example C. Conclusions Significant differences were found between participants. Education was seen as a factor.

+ Research Example C. Conclusions continued… Daughters who had: lower perceptions of barriers, higher motivation, benefit perception, self-efficacy

+ Research Example D. Implications Perceive fewer barrier Believing in one’s ability Motivation to do it regularly

+ Research Example D. Implications continued… Training by health care providers Successful BSE Lowering perceived barriers such as fear, frequency, and time constraints Reference Kara, B., & Acikel, C. (2009). Health beliefs and breast self-examination in a sample of Turkish nursing students and their mothers. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 18(10),

+ Conclusion Health Belief Model is a value-expectancy model First theory developed exclusively for health-related behaviors

+ Conclusion Strengths Can be used alone or in conjunction with other models Understanding what beliefs or attitudes motivate behaviors Good for the cessation and acquisition of behaviors Enhances self-control

+ Conclusion Weaknesses Not great for long term behavior change Lacks predictive power Difficult to be tested Self fulfilling prophecy

+ Conclusion Consists of six constructs Perceived susceptibility Perceived severity Perceived benefits Perceived barriers Cues to action Self-efficacy Together known as “Perceived Threat”