Plan of a typical peripteral temple 1 Peripteral Greek Temple

Cella(naos)-room inside temple that housed the cult statue of deity Pronaos-front porch that came before the cella, open Opisthodomos-rear porch, decorative, for symmetry purposes Anta-extended walls coming off the Pronaos and Opisthodomos/have columns attached

Colonnade options for peripteral temple Colonnade options for peripteral temple Design of temple could be…. – Prostyle-colonnade across front of temple – Amphiprostyle-colonnade across front and back of temple – Peristyle-colonnade across all 4 sides of temple Also could choose from type of colonnade rows: – Peripteral-Single rows of columns – Dipteral-Double rows of columns (usually more elaborate temples)

What is an order? Orders included (from bottom): 1.Stepped platform-base 2.Colonnade-columns 3.Entablature-Everything above the columns Style of the above 3 units on exterior of temple was known as an order Two main types of orders-Doric and Ionic

Notice…What basic architectural system is being used? 7 Compare Doric and Ionic Orders

Doric Order Massive, plain Edges of column flutes come out to point Small capital Decorative sculpture in metope and pediment

Ionic Order Light, airy, ornamental-sculpture friendly Entire frieze for decorative sculpture Sometimes replaced columns with caryatids(female figures) Note-atlantids were male figures used as columns

Greek Pediments…. The Beginning Origins of Greek architectural sculpture…. Lion Gates!

West Pediment of the Temple of Artemis West Pediment of the Temple of Artemis Archaic Archaic 600 BCE 600 BCE

Temple of Artemis-one of earliest Doric peripteral temples in Greece 2 Pediments filled with huge relief sculptures – sculptures trying to escape architectural confines – Heads projecting out, brightly painted Gorgon, sister of Medusa Heraldic Composition Archaic pinwheel pose-bent arms and legs, represents motion

Battle of the Greeks and Giants, Battle of the Greeks and Giants, Siphnian Treasury at Delphi Siphnian Treasury at Delphi Archaic 530 BCE Archaic 530 BCE

Greatest Archaic period Ionic treasury example Treasury- – Small, separate building to house valuables offered to deity – OR – Smaller room inside temple (sometimes the opisthodomos) used for same purpose How is it Ionic? – Caryatids – Continuous frieze of relief sculpture around building Gigantomachy-battle of gods and giants – Apollo and Artemis pursue fleeing giant

Dying Warrior, West Pediment of the Temple of Aphaia Dying Warrior, West Pediment of the Temple of Aphaia Archaic Archaic 500 BCE 500 BCE

Pediment statue for local goddess’ temple Torso is rigidly frontal, awkward pose Looks out at the spectator like a mannequin on display and not as a thinking and feeling human being. Archaic smile-inappropriate

Dying warrior, East Pediment of the Temple of Aphaia Dying warrior, East Pediment of the Temple of Aphaia Archaic Archaic 480 BCE 480 BCE

Created about 20 years later than the west pediment Notice the differences. Posture is more natural. He is reacting to his wound as a human would. He is concerned with his pain, not the spectator. Still an archaic smile but toned down, transitioning to Early Classical period

Can you recognize Archaic sculpture?

Early Classical Period Measured from historical defeat of Persians by Greeks in 480 Early Classical AKA Severe Style Drapery is simpler and more severe – Eyelids and chins are heavier – Serious, thoughtful expressions – No archaic smile – Interest in motion Contrapposto Athletic stances

Kritios Boy Kritios Boy Early Classical Early Classical 480 BCE 480 BCE

One of most important works of Greek sculpture First time sculptor is really trying to portray how humans stand – Left straight leg bears the weight of his body, while the right leg is bent and relaxed. This weight shift (contrapposto or counterbalance) defines Classical style MORE RELAXED and NATURAL Head is turned very slightly to the right. – Rules of frontality broken

A calm, serene expression replaces the artificial archaic smile. Muscles are well defined. Smooth flesh seems soft and natural. He is a youthful athlete, appears calm and confident. Greek quest for perfect form.

Riace Warriors Riace Warriors Early Classical Early Classical 460 BCE 460 BCE

Transitional piece Lost wax bronze castings-process allowed for more flexibility and creativity in composition Remarkably lifelike. Eyes-bone and glass paste. Silver teeth and copper eyelashes. Realistic contrapposto stance-natural Hair is still fairly flat but pose is very self- confident

Zeus or Poseidon Zeus or Poseidon Early Classical Early Classical 460 BCE 460 BCE

Held a thunderbolt or a trident…unsure of who it is Lost-wax

Myron's Discobolos Myron's Discobolos Early Classical Early Classical 450 BCE 450 BCE

This is actually a Roman copy after a bronze original Action pose, but Archaic influence with profile limbs and a nearly frontal chest. Expression on face doesn’t show the tension of the moment.

Charioteer Early Classical, 470 BC

Commemorates victory of a chariot race Stands in an archaic pose, except for the turned head and feet Pose is rigid and severe, but expression is calm and shows self-control The cloth folds, muscles and facial features are more natural.

Classical Period aka High Classical The Golden Age of Greece

Doryphoros (Spear Bearer)by Polykleitos Doryphoros (Spear Bearer)by Polykleitos Classical Classical 450 BCE 450 BCE

this work was embodiment of Classical period. Polykleitos- – Believed in proportion (accurate measurements) as the key to beauty. – Wrote THE CANON. – His name for this sculpture was “The Canon” because it represented his beliefs so perfectly

The Doryphorous is carefully and precisely proportioned. The statue’s head is 1/7 of the figure’s height, and the distance across the shoulders is ¼ of the figure’s height. This figure once held a spear in his left hand and stands like the Kritios boy, although this stance is even more pronounced.

He has an “S” motion to his contrapposto stance. There is a greater sense of the body’s underlying structure in this piece. – veins in the arms. – Knee caps. – Rib cage. – The hair is long and more 3D

The Acropolis

Famous site in Athens built after Persian war Led by Pericles, Greek general and statesman Wanted to honor goddess Athena and the citizens of Athens (Athenians). Very bold and self-important idea Made up of 4 buildings: – Parthenon – Erechthion – Propylaia – Temple of Athena Nike

Iktinos and Kallikrates, Parthenon Iktinos and Kallikrates, Parthenon Classical Classical 450 BCE 450 BCE

Phidias, Athena sculpture (inside Parthenon) 438 BC High Classical

Temple to honor Athena and house her 38’ high ivory and gold cult statue made by Phidias – Known as “Athena Parthenos,” The Virgin – Faced east for sun to reflect off gold – Holding statue of Nike (winged female “victory”) – Chryselephantine- Fashioned of gold and ivory Unofficially, was also used to honor the Athenians – Athenians made themselves the subject of cella frieze: The Panathenaic Procession

Realized Greek’s long quest to build a perfectly proportioned temple – Used formula to determine # of columns Made of marble, fitted together without mortar – Roof made of wood

Perfect but Irregular! – Doric temple with Ionic influences Outside of temple was Doric Inside had Ionic frieze that ran around outside of cella walls and 4 Ionic columns inside treasury – Stylobate curves upward, Columns curve slightly inward To assist in optical illusion of perfection OR to make it more dynamic looking- “architectural contrapposto”

Plan of the Parthenon, Acropolis, Athens, Greece, with diagram of sculptural program (after Andrew Stewart), 447–432 BCE.

Pediments of the Parthenon West Pediment-Contest between Poseidon and Athena East Pediment-Birth of Athena

Parthenon

Three Goddesses, East Pediment of the Parthenon Three Goddesses, East Pediment of the Parthenon Classical Classical 430 BCE 430 BCE

Sculptors fully understood the mechanics of how muscles/bones beneath the flesh and garments move. The drapery seems like its wet, so the artist could strongly convey the body underneath. FYI: Goddesses- Hestia, Dione, and Aphrodite

Horsemen on the Panathenaic Frieze Horsemen on the Panathenaic Frieze Classical Classical 440 BCE 440 BCE

Ionic Frieze around cella Narrative frieze that showed over 400 men and women/200 animals. Included horsemen, seated gods and goddesses, elders and maidens Subject: Panathenaic Procession that took place every 4 years in Athens – Procession that ended at Acropolis where a new peplos was placed on wooden statue of Athena – represents that the Athenians judged themselves fit for inclusion in the Temple’s sculptural decoration

Figure 5-50 Details of the Panathenaic Festival procession frieze, from the Parthenon, Acropolis, Athens, Greece, ca. 447–438 BCE. Marble, 3’ 6” high. Horsemen of north frieze (top), British Museum, London; seated gods and goddesses (Poseidon, Apollo, and Artemis) of east frieze (center), Acropolis Museum, Athens; and elders and maidens of east frieze (bottom), Louvre, Paris. 55

Temple of Athena Nike (within the Acropolis) by Kallikrates Temple of Athena Nike (within the Acropolis) by Kallikrates Classical, Classical, 420 BCE 420 BCE

Small amphiprostyle temple at front of Acropolis complex First completely Ionic temple at Acropolis – Note columns and frieze Best preserved sculpture is the relief of Nike Adjusting Her Sandal

Nike Adjusting Her Sandal Nike Adjusting Her Sandal Classical Classical 410 BCE 410 BCE

Garments cling tightly to her body Transparent drapery folds form an elegant pattern High relief carving produces pockets of shade Awkward pose made graceful by artist

Erechtheion, with Porch of Maidens Erechtheion, with Porch of Maidens Classical Classical 420 BCE 420 BCE

Caryatid from Erechtheion

Opposite Parthenon Erechtheion built on destroyed temple of Athena Incorporated the “sacred ground”, caused the temple layout to be very unusual Asymmetrical Ionic temple with 6 Caryatids on side porch to support smaller architrave Caryatids-showed embodiment of High Classical Period – Relaxed contrapposto pose – Soft, clinging drapery – Serene expressions

Propylaia Propylaia Classical Classical BC BC

Entryway to Acropolis Difficult to make-steep slope Mixed orders again, but still kept one type for exterior(Doric) and one for interior(Ionic) Pinakotheke (picture gallery)was the forerunner to modern day museum