 “polymer” – Greek word  “polys” = many and “meros” = parts  Polymers – macromolecules composed of repeating structural units called monomers

 Draw the polymer that would be made from the monomer vinyl chloride. What would it be called?

 Draw the polymer that would be made from the monomer styrene. What would it be called?

 When two different monomers are combined by addition polymerization, a copolymer is formed. The polymer is random. -E-P-P-E-E-E-P-P-E-P-E-E-E-P-P-P-E-P-

 Another method of making polymers  Two compounds are combined  One compound will lose a H atom and the other will lose an –OH group.  These combine to form water.  Nylons and polyesters are formed by condensation polymerization.  They form in an alternating pattern.

 The most abundant organic molecules in the world are polymers  Examples of Natural Polymers:  1. cellulose & lignan (main fibers in wood)  2. starch (stored sugar in plants)  3. chitin (fiber in the cell walls of algae, fungi and arthropods)  4. collagen  5. DNA, RNA, and protein  6. cotton, wool, silk and flax LecturePLUS Timberlake 10

 Plastics are a group of materials manufactured primarily from petroleum and natural gas.  All plastics are polymers.  Plastics are distinguished by their ability to be easily formed and molded in many ways for many purposes  1907 – 1 st fully synthetic polymer “Bakelite”  Hard plastic used as an electrical insulator  Paved the way for the >60,000 plastics made today LecturePLUS Timberlake 11

POLYMERPROPERTIESAPPLICATIONS NeopreneChemical resistant, rubbery Shoe soles, radiator hoses Polyamide (nylon)Fibrous, strong, durable Parachutes, carpet, hosiery polyesterFibers recover quickly after extension, moisture resistant Filters, insulation, tire cords, Dacron, Mylar PolyurethaneFlexible foams, elastic quick-drying fibers, hard-drying films Mattresses, Airplane wings, Spandex, Lycra, varnishes LecturePLUS Timberlake 12

POLYMERPROPERTIESAPPLICATIONS Polyvinyl alcoholColorless, water- soluble, flammable resin Adhesives, lacquers, coatings & films Polyvinyl chloride-Rigid when unplasticized, // flexible when placticized Pipes, records, floor tiles, credit cards // Raincoats, shower curtains Polyvinyl fluorideResistant to chemicals and weathering Protective films for siding, pipes, chemical containers PolyvinylacetateWater-insoluble resinCarpet backing, latex paint, adhesive & cement LecturePLUS Timberlake 13

 Between 1960 and 2000, the total annual solid waste in the US doubled from 80 million tons to 160 million tons  About 20% of the volume of trash is composed of plastics  Plastics, unlike paper and garden debris, are not biodegradable  Coding system identifies types of plastics so they can be categorized for recycling purposes LecturePLUS Timberlake 14

 All plastics with the same recycling code are made of the same polymer  The letters under the code symbol tell you from what plastic it is made  Recyclers use the codes to separate plastics into groups 15

 Each lab station has examples of the first 6 recycling codes.  Begin at your usual lab station. Then rotate through all stations,  Complete the chart for each recycling code. *Describe the plastics: are they clear, rigid, crinkly, glossy, etc *Name some of the sample products: pop bottles, milk jugs, grocery bags, etc. BE SURE TO NOTE THE SIMILARITIES AND DIFFERENCES AMONG THE DIFFERENT POLYMERS 16

RECYCLING CODEPOLYMER RESINDESCRIPTIONSAMPLE PRODUCTS Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET or PETE) Usually clear or green; rigid Peanut butter jars, salad dressing & soft drink bottles High-density Polyethylene (HDPE) Semi-gloss, crinkly; may be hard when thick toys; detergent, motor oil & milk containers Plastic bags Polyvinyl chloride or vinyl (PVC-V) Semi-rigid, glossy Shampoo, vegetable oil bottles Low-density polyethylene (LDPE) Flexible, not crinkly Grocery, bread & garment bags; shrink- wrap 17

RECYCLING CODEPOLYMER RESINDESCRIPTIONSAMPLE PRODUCTS Polypropylene (PP) Semi-rigid, Low gloss Yogurt & margarine containers, bottle tops, medicine bottle Polystyrene (PS) Often brittle, glossy Coffee cups, meat trays & fast food containers, CD cases Multi-layer plastics SqueezableSqueezable ketchup & syrup containers 18

 From Water Bottles to Polyester  &feature=related &feature=related LecturePLUS Timberlake 19

 STRUCTURE determines the properties and functions of a polymer  Stronger attractive forces between chains = stronger, less flexible polymer.  Chains able to slide past each other = flexible polymer  In polyethylene, attractive forces are weak induced dipole - dipole, will it be flexible or not?  Nylon has strong hydrogen bonds, why does this make it a strong fiber?

 Polymers can be created with all different degrees of hardness, flexibility, strength, and other properties by controlling structural factors such as: Branching Cross-linking Size (molecular mass) 21

 Monomer units are linked in a chain-like manner (like a paper clip chain)  Examples:  HDPE – high density polyethylene  Polytetrafluoroethylene – Teflon  PP – polypropylene  Random coil – all tangled up like a plate of spaghetti

 Has short chains attached to the main chain  Tends to have less strength and lower solution viscosity compared to a linear polymer  Examples:  Polyethylene  Glycogen

 Caused by intermolecular forces like hydrogen bonding, covalent bonds between carbon atoms, or by disulfide bridges (bonds between sulfurs)  Examples:  Vulcanized rubber  Curly hair – amino acids methionine and cysteine

 80% of thermoplastic polymers are linear or branched polymers  Weak attractive forces between chains broken by warming  Change shape - can be remolded  Weak forces reform in new shape when cooled 25

 Extensive cross-linking formed by covalent bonds.  Bonds prevent chains moving relative to each other.  What will the properties of this type of plastic be like? 26

Using different colored paperclips, go back to the lab tables and build: an addition polymer a copolymer a condensation polymer a linear polymer a branched polymer a cross-linked polymer LecturePLUS Timberlake 27