Chapter 15 Designing Accurate Data-Entry Procedures Systems Analysis and Design Kendall & Kendall Sixth Edition

Major Topics Data entry Effective coding Types of codes Guidelines for coding Validation methods Check digits Ecommerce accuracy Kendall & Kendall 2005 Pearson Prentice Hall

Quality Data-Entry Objectives The quality of data input determines the quality of information output. Accurate data entry is achieved through four broad objectives: Effective coding. Effective data capture. Efficient data capture and entry. Assuring quality through validation. Kendall & Kendall 2005 Pearson Prentice Hall

Codes and Coding Coding helps efficiency because: Data that are coded require less time to enter. Coding helps to reduce the number of items entered. Coding can help in sorting of data during the data transformation process. Coded data can save valuable memory/storage space. Kendall & Kendall 2005 Pearson Prentice Hall

Purpose of Coding Besides providing accuracy and efficiency, coding does the following: Keeps track of something. Classifies information. Conceals information. Reveals information. Requests appropriate action. Kendall & Kendall 2005 Pearson Prentice Hall

Types of Codes Types of codes are: Simple sequence code. Alphabetic derivation codes. Classification codes. Block sequence codes. Cipher codes. Significant digit subsets. Mnemonic codes. Function codes. Kendall & Kendall 2005 Pearson Prentice Hall

Simple Sequence Code Identifies a person, place, or thing in order to keep track of it A number that is assigned to something if it needs to be numbered No relation to the data itself Kendall & Kendall 2005 Pearson Prentice Hall

Alphabetic Derivation Codes A commonly used approach in identifying an account number See figure 15.2, for example, where the code becomes the account number Kendall & Kendall 2005 Pearson Prentice Hall

Alphabetic Derivation Codes (Continued) First five digits come from the first five digits of the subscribers zip code. Next three are the first three consonants in the subscribers name. Next four numbers are the street address. Last three make up the code for the magazine. Kendall & Kendall 2005 Pearson Prentice Hall

Advantages of Alphabetic Derivation Codes Advantages are: Can have zip code in front for sorting. A requirement for bulk mailing. A magazine subscription may be used weekly for mailing. Can verify a person calling about their account. Kendall & Kendall 2005 Pearson Prentice Hall

Disadvantages of Alphabetic Derivation Codes Disadvantages are: Names like ROE - become RXX. Street addresses like 12 OAK STREET - code contains 1200. Changing name or address results in the key field being changed. Kendall & Kendall 2005 Pearson Prentice Hall

Classification Information Coding affords the ability to distinguish between classes of items. Classes must be mutually exclusive. Classification Codes are used to distinguish one group of data with special characteristics from another Kendall & Kendall 2005 Pearson Prentice Hall

Classification Information (Continued) They consist of either a single letter or a number. Codes are shorthand way of describing a person, place, thing, or event. Classification codes are listed in manuals or posted so that users can locate them easily. Kendall & Kendall 2005 Pearson Prentice Hall

Classification Codes Use a single letter for a code. Kendall & Kendall 2005 Pearson Prentice Hall

Classification Codes Problems Kendall & Kendall 2005 Pearson Prentice Hall

Block Sequence Codes An extension of the sequence code Advantages Data are grouped according to common characteristics Simplicity of assigning the next available number (within the block) to the next item needing identification Can do inquiries on code beginnings Kendall & Kendall 2005 Pearson Prentice Hall

Block Sequence Code Kendall & Kendall 2005 Pearson Prentice Hall

Cipher Codes Codes may be used to conceal or disguise information. Cipher Codes is the direct substitution of one letter for another, one number for another, or one letter for a number. Kendall & Kendall 2005 Pearson Prentice Hall

Cipher Codes Kendall & Kendall 2005 Pearson Prentice Hall

Revealing Information Sometimes it is desirable to reveal information through a code. Make the data entry more meaningful. Allows persons to view the code and understand what it means. Kendall & Kendall 2005 Pearson Prentice Hall

Significant Digit Subsets Used to describe a product via its membership in many subgroups. The advantage of using a significant-digit subset code is the ability to locate items that belong to a certain group or class. Kendall & Kendall 2005 Pearson Prentice Hall

Significant Digit Subsets (Continued) Can do inquiries on portions of the code. Look for matching red items, other size 10 items, other maternity, or similar dresses Kendall & Kendall 2005 Pearson Prentice Hall

Mnemonic Codes A mnemonic (pronounced nî-môn'-ïk) is a memory aid. Any code that helps data-entry person remember how to enter the data or end user remember how to use the information is mnemomic. Using a combination of letters and symbols affords a clear way to code a product so that the code is easily seen and understood. Kendall & Kendall 2005 Pearson Prentice Hall

Unicode Unicode is used to store glyphs or symbols representing syllables or whole words. Used for languages that are not Western alphabetic (Latin characters) Stores 65,535 characters Viewed using an input method editor Represented using the &#hhhh where hhhh represents hexadecimal notation Example: &3x3053 for the Japanese syllable ko Kendall & Kendall 2005 Pearson Prentice Hall

Function Codes Codes are often necessary for instructing either the computer or the person about actions to take. Function codes are short numerical or alphabetic codes used to spell out precisely what activities are to be accomplished. Kendall & Kendall 2005 Pearson Prentice Hall

Guidelines for Coding Guidelines for coding are: Keep codes concise. Keep codes stable. Make codes that are unique. Allow codes to be sortable. Avoid confusing codes. Keep codes uniform. Allow for modification of codes. Make codes meaningful. Kendall & Kendall 2005 Pearson Prentice Hall

Keep Codes Concise Overly long codes mean more keystrokes and consequently more errors. Long codes also mean the information in the files will require more memory. If codes must be long, they should be broken up into subcodes. Kendall & Kendall 2005 Pearson Prentice Hall

Keep Codes Stable Stability means that the identification code for a customer should not change each time new data are received. Kendall & Kendall 2005 Pearson Prentice Hall

Make Codes That are Unique Codes should be unique. Make a note of all codes used in the system. Do not assign the same code number or name to the same items. Kendall & Kendall 2005 Pearson Prentice Hall

Allow Codes to be Sortable Codes must be sortable. For example:Problem date: MMMDDYY First three symbols are the month as a three-letter abbreviation. Second two are the date as a number. Last two digits are the year. Numerical codes are much easier to sort than alpha-numeric data Kendall & Kendall 2005 Pearson Prentice Hall

Avoid Confusing Codes Avoid using coding characters that look or sound alike: O (the letter oh) and 0 (the number zero). Letter I and the number 1. Letter Z and the number 2. Codes such as B1C and 280Z are confusing Canadian Postal Code. The code format is X9X 9X9. Kendall & Kendall 2005 Pearson Prentice Hall

Keep Codes Uniform Follow readily perceived forms most of the time Avoid using the codes MMDDYY in one application YYDDMM in a second MMDDCCYY in a third; CC - century Kendall & Kendall 2005 Pearson Prentice Hall

Allow for Modification of Codes The system will evolve over time. The coding system should be able to encompass change. Kendall & Kendall 2005 Pearson Prentice Hall

Make Codes Meaningful Effective codes contain information. They should make sense to people using them. Meaningful codes are easier to understand, work with, and recall. Kendall & Kendall 2005 Pearson Prentice Hall

Using Codes Codes are used: In validation programs to ensure that only valid codes have been entered. In report and inquiry programs to display code meanings. In GUI programs to create drop-down lists. This helps to ensure accurate data, since the user sees the code and it’s meaning and can only select a code from the list. Kendall & Kendall 2005 Pearson Prentice Hall

Effective Data Capture In order to assure the quality of data entered into the system, it is important to capture data effectively. Kendall & Kendall 2005 Pearson Prentice Hall

Guidelines for Effective Data Capture Guidelines for effective and efficient data capture are: Deciding what to capture. Letting the computer do the rest. Avoiding bottlenecks and extra steps. Starting with a good form. Choosing a data-entry method. Kendall & Kendall 2005 Pearson Prentice Hall

Data-Entry Methods Data-entry methods include: Keyboards. Optical character recognition. Magnetic ink character recognition. Mark-sense forms. Bar codes. Intelligent terminals. Kendall & Kendall 2005 Pearson Prentice Hall

Bar Code Example Kendall & Kendall 2005 Pearson Prentice Hall

Validation Overview To assure data quality, errors should be detected during input, prior to processing and storage. Two possible ways to validate inputs are: Validation of input transactions. Validation of input data. Kendall & Kendall 2005 Pearson Prentice Hall

Problems With Input Data Three main problems that can occur with input transactions are: Submitting the wrong data to the system. Submitting of data by an unauthorized person. Asking the system to perform an unacceptable function. Kendall & Kendall 2005 Pearson Prentice Hall

Validation Methods Validation methods include: Test for missing data. Test for correct field length. Test for class or composition. Test for range or reasonableness. Test for invalid values. Cross-reference checks. Test for comparison with stored data. Kendall & Kendall 2005 Pearson Prentice Hall

Check Digits Check digits are used to validate a numeric field by performing a calculation on a part of the number and comparing the result with a digit stored within the number. Check digits help to detect: Single digit miskey. Transposition errors. Kendall & Kendall 2005 Pearson Prentice Hall

Check Digits (Continued) There are several check digit methods: Modulus 10, “2-1-2” method Modulus 10, “3-1-3” method Modulus 11, arithmetic method Modulus 11, geometric method Kendall & Kendall 2005 Pearson Prentice Hall

Check Digit General Method Start with the numeric code. Choose the weighting method and modulus number. Multiply the digit by the chosen weight. Sum the new numbers. Divide by the modulus number. Kendall & Kendall 2005 Pearson Prentice Hall

Check Digit General Method Remaining Steps Compute the check digit by taking the modulus number and subtracting the remainder. Subtract again if greater than 10. Add check digit to the end of the number. Use this new code for data entry and let the computer validate the code. Kendall & Kendall 2005 Pearson Prentice Hall

Modulus 11 Arithmetic Method Kendall & Kendall 2005 Pearson Prentice Hall

The Process of Validation Check first for missing data. Then check the syntax: the length, class, and composition. Next check the semantics: the meaning of the data: Limit. Range. Check digit. Kendall & Kendall 2005 Pearson Prentice Hall

Regular Expressions Use a pattern for validation. Symbols represent the type of data. Example: Email validation. [A-Za-z0-9]\w{2,}@[A-Za-z0-9]\w{3,}\.[A-Za-z]{3}/ Kendall & Kendall 2005 Pearson Prentice Hall

Regular Expression Codes Kendall & Kendall 2005 Pearson Prentice Hall

Ecommerce Accuracy Ecommerce environments have increased accuracy of data because: Customers generally enter data themselves. Data entered by customers are stored for later use. Data entered at the point of sale are used throughout the order fulfillment process. Information is used as feedback to customers. Kendall & Kendall 2005 Pearson Prentice Hall