Princes and Popes

Ancient History Review Timeline 1.) Creation 2.) River Valley Civilizations (Nile, Euphrates, Hindus) 3.) Greek Civilizations 4.) Roman Civilizations 5.) Islam Begins 6.) Christianity in the “dark ages”

Section 1 – Reforms in the Church What were the reasons for reform in the church during Medieval Times? Moral Corruption Neglect of church duties for person gain Needed protection from Vikings for their land Churchmen became vassals divided between church and feudal lords Lay-investiture – kings and nobles appointed officials and invest them with their religious authority Unqualified leaders Enticed by money.

List and describe the measures of reform that began in 910 Forbid Simony-buying and selling of religious or blessed articles or church offices Freed church from secular control Restore dignity of the papacy Cistercians – monks live in seclusion and strict discipline Bernard of Clairvaux – most zealous member College of Cardinals – churchmen choose the pope

CisterciansBernard of Clairvaux

How did the clash between church and state lead to Henry IV’s penitence at Canossa and the Concordat of Worms?

Pope Gregory VII wanted church free from secular control and prohibited lay –investiture Emperor Henry IV – didn’t obey and called the Pope a “false monk”….so the pope excommunicated him 1077 – Henry begged barefoot in the snow! Concordat of Worms – recognized the right of the church to elect its own bishops and abbots and to invest them with spiritual authority.

Henry IV Gregory VII

Describe the new religious orders founded in the 13 th century. Monks lead lives of seclusion Franciscan and Dominican friars labored for reform by living and preaching among the people (mendicant orders) Francis of Assisi founded Franciscan order and gave up wealth Dominic battled heresy by educating. They would lead education and the Inquisition

Francis of Assisi

Describe the rule of Innocent III at the zenith of the papacy. Wealth Power Even humbled the kings (not positively)

List and describe the weapons that the popes directed against those who opposed them. 1.) Excommunication 2.) Interdict 3.) Inquisition

Describe the character and results of the Medieval Reform Provided not lasting solutions Compounded problems Didn’t focus on inward cleansing

Describe the founding of the German kingdom after the death of Charlemagne Grandson divided kingdom (p. 109) Needed protection from Magyars Created Dukes who protected duchy. Elected Henry the Fowler Allowed dukes to maintain authority Repelled invaders and expanded eastward Otto I, Henry’s son, was strong and forced authority over dukes. Supported by churchmen and defeated Magyars Magyars settled in the Danube Valley and are known as Hungarians

Charlemagne Henry the Fowler

Otto I

Describe the establishment of the Holy Roman Empire Italy was divided and warring Otto crossed Alps and took Lombardy 10 yrs. Later took Rome Church wanted protection…sooo……….

Explain why the Holy Roman Empire was called “holy,” “Roman,” and an “empire”. Pope crowned Otto emperor Association created “Holy Roman Empire” between Germany and Italy….but not holy, roman, or an empire Later kings saw themselves as decedents of Charlemagne and Caesar

List the conflicts that weakened the Holy Roman Empire and would prevent Germany and Italy from unifying as early as many of the other European countries.

1.) Conflict of Interest Germany intervening in Italian affairs Otto III building castle in Rome…rest of Germans left behind…but growing in power. 2.) Conflict with the popes Emperors began choosing popes….taking their power The disagreement between Henry IV and Gregory VII…but Henry was mad! He returned home, crushed German nobles, captured Rome, appointed new pope. Gregory had to flee and died within the year Innocent III helped gain church power again

Otto III

3.) Conflict with Nobles Most damaging conflict Emperors were concerned with Rome…so German nobles grew in power A new royal line, Salian House, took over (House of Henry IV) They couldn’t establish a centralized monarchy After Henry’s son’s death, civil war broke out Leading to Feudalism and duchies became states

Do you Remember Feudalism?

1152 – Princes wanted to end civil wars Elected Fredrick I (Barbarossa) of the Hohenstaufen House, king. Wanted to build “holy empire”….and once again meddled in Italy Married son to heiress of Sicily Fredrick II – last notable Hohenstaufen ruler, inherited German and Sicilian kingdoms He is high cultured and educated, was the ward of Innocent III

Barbarossa Fredrick II

Fredrick promised to leave Sicily alone, but after Innocent’s death, he went to take it and Italy over….leaving Germany alone once again Papacy fought him Fredrick died 1250 – end of Holy Roman Empire. Italy and Germany would not be reunited till 19 th century as unified national states.

General Timeline Roman Britain Angles and Saxons invade Danish Vikings Invade Alfred the Great pushed back Danes and laid a foundation for a unified English monarchy England fell to the Danish ruler Canute Anglo-Saxons drove out the Danes and placed Edward the Confessor on the throne Battle of Hastings

William the Conqueror brings centralized feudalism from Normandy to Britain Henry II strengthened royal authority Magna Carta limited the king’s power Edward I established Parliament

Describe how the Angle Saxons occupied and changed Britain Romans had to leave in 5 th century to protect Roman territory on “the continent” Angles and Saxons invaded Britain They established kingdoms and called the land “Angle land”

Explain why Alfred was called “the Great” including how he strengthened the Anglo-Saxon practice of local government. Protected a helpless England from the Danes He conquered southern England Set up a monarchy Built a navy, churches, schools Divided realm called shires ruled by shire-reeve Built schools and churches Monks compiled Anglo-Saxon Chronicles Had great character

Alfred the Great

Explain why William the conqueror invaded England A century after Alfred, England fell to Danish ruler, Canute His later rulers were weak, so Anglo-Saxons drove out the Danes and made Edward the Confessor king A descendant of Alfred Known as “confessor” b/c of his devotion to God 1066, Edward dies, and his cousin William says throne was promised to him…English nobles elected Harold instead William gets pope’s permission, and invades England

Edward the Confessor William the Conqueror

Harold, Early of Wessex

Oct. 14, 1066 – William and Harold meet and fight the Battle of Hastings It wasn’t just about kings! It alters English history Harold killed, Anglo-Saxons defeated William the Conqueror established Norman dynasty

Battle of Hastings

List and describe the steps that William the Conqueror took to establish centralized feudalism in Britain Brought Norman feudalism; William was feudal lord Divided land among military followers, and they were called tenant-in-chief Men had to pledge allegiance He chose the popes…not the church Wanted to tax people, to did a survey called Domesday Book

Doomsday Book

Video of Battle of Hastings

Describe how Henry I strengthened royal authority. Henry I

Describe how British courts of this time influenced the way courts work today

Describe Henry’s conflict with Thomas-a-Becket Henry vs Becket

Describe Richard I’s rule of England Richard I

Explain how the Magna Carta came into being, what it did, and what important precedents it set.

Match the witan, Curia regis, and parliament with their description and put them in chronological order

Describe how Edward I created Parliament and how it came to consist of the House of Commons and House of Lords Edward I

Parliament became more and more powerful

Explain why the development of Parliament was important for future democracies

Overall Timeline

List and explain the factors that helped the Capetian kings increase their power Capet Coat of Arms

List and explain the ways in which Phillip II expanded the power of the French Monarchy. Explain how his position differed from the early Capetian kings

Philip II of France

Explain how Louis IX expanded royal power and why he gained the title, “the ideal medieval king” Louis IX

Describe Philip IV clash with Boniface VIII, including what triggered the clash, what weapons Philip and Boniface yielded against each other, and why Philip won.

Describe the Origins of the Estate General and contrast its effect on France with Parliament’s effect on England

Section 4

List the motivations spurring particpants of the Crusades

List the Methods the Roman Catholic Church employed to urge Europeans to join in the Crusades

Describe each of the following crusades 1.) First Crusade 2.)The King’s Crusade (3 rd Crusade) 3.) The Diverted Crusade (4 th Crusade) 4.) The Later Crusade

List and Describe each of the five consequences of the Crusades that the book mentions, also describe how the crusades led to each consequence.