OPEN ACCESS, INSTITUTIONAL REPOSITORIES, SPARC Bülent Karasözen ANKOS 4th. SELL Meeting Napoli, May, 14th, 2004

Problems with traditional journals Serial crises, gap between the proportion of the literature that libraries can access and the information that researchers need to be effective(D.Prosser) Internet, WEB, digital publishing Birth of consortia, journal bundling, licensing Second ‘serial crises’ : librarians can not cancel under- used journals from the bundle(D. Prosser) ‘Permission crises’: legal and technological barries; copyright, lisensing agreements (P. Suber) Continue to work with sub-optimal solutions

Access from desktop, searching, altering services, reference linking, Crossref Changes in scholary communication, new business models International dissemination and impact of research results, peer review, quality control Functions of journals: registration, certification, awarness,archiving Open Archives Inititaive(OAI) standarts ensures registration, awarness, archiving Peer reviewed Open Access(OA) journals Self archiving in institutional repositories, on author’s WEB pages Changes in Scholary Communication

OA journals Wide distribution, wide impact Increase of the profle of the authors, their institutions No subscription income reqires new financial models Cost associated with the peer review process: –Authors(their institutions) pay the publication charge –Blackwell: $2.400, $Elsevier: , Nature: $ –BioMed Central: $525, Public Library of Science: $1.500 Moving from paying for acess(subscrition) to paying for dissemination

Publishing papers now* Researcher Publisher Reader Subscription/ Pay-per-View Library Agent — Money Flow Information Flow *Helen-Doyle, PLOS, ALA Midwinter, 2004

open access* Researcher Publisher Reader $ Library Information flow Publishing is the final step in a research project *Helen-Doyle, PLOS, ALA Midwinter, 2004

SPARC (The Scholary Publishing and Academic Resources Coalition ) Founded in 1998 by ARL (Association of Research Libraries) Over 200 libraries and consortia are members SPARC Europe founded by LIBER in 2002 Create Change, new systems of scholary communication Declaring independence SPARC’s programs –Alternatives –Leading Edge –Scientific Communities

SPARC’s Publisher Partners Biomedcentral, 59 OA journals, in Italy 6 cancer institutes have a partnership BioOne, aggregation of the bioscience journals Public Library of Science, Plo’s Biology, Medicine Columbia Earthspace Crystal Growth and Design, Organic Letters, ACS Documenta Mathematica Economics Bulletin Project Euclid Journal of Insect Science Journal of Machine Learning Research MIT CogNet Directory of Open Access Journals, supported by OSI, 550 OA journals Indian Academy of Sciences, 11 journals

The Wellcome Trust analysis on the potential cost of publishing* Analysis of publishing, ,646 papers Total funding £1.5 billion Assume papers cost £1500 Costs of publishing represent 1.7% costs of research Open Access and the Competitive Market-Place *Helen-Doyle, PLOS, ALA Midwinter, 2004

Institutional Repositories More than 100 institutional repositories National initiatives: SHERPA in UK, DARE in the Netherlands Eprints.org, Subject specific repositories: Ginsparg’s High Energy Physics electronic repository, arXiv D-Space-MIT CERN Caltech OA search engines OAIster searches through almost electronic items in over 200 repositories Average number of downloads for articles: –ScienceDirect: 28 –BioMedCentral: 2.500

Berlin Declaration on Open Access to Knowledge in the Sciences and Humanities Publish your articles in an open-access journal whenever a suitable one exists today (currently 500, <5%)Publish your articles in an open-access journal whenever a suitable one exists today (currently 500, <5%) andand Publish the rest of your articles in the toll-access journal of your choice (currently 23,500, >95%) and self-archive them in your institutional open-access eprint archives.Publish the rest of your articles in the toll-access journal of your choice (currently 23,500, >95%) and self-archive them in your institutional open-access eprint archives.

Scientific Information Exchange (SciX) ProjectSciX The Swedish School of Economics and Business Administration(HANKEN) A fully operational subject-specific repository Studying the scientific publishing process and the effects of different, alternative business models on the life-cycle costs of the process The model currently contains twenty-two interconnect schemas with sixty-four separate activities Barriers to the introduction of open access publishing models are being investigated Open access would substantially lower a lot of the transaction costs throughout the process (both of publishers, libraries and readers)

A diagram from the Scientific Publishing Life-Cycle Model being developed in the SciX project

A classification of different types of barriers for increased open access publishing and their relative importance Open access Journals Subject- specific repositories Institutional repositories Legal framework-*** IT-infrastructure*** Business models****** Indexing services and standards**-*** Academic reward system***** Marketing and Critical mass********

The most Popular Areas for Open Access Journals Scientific domainNumber of journals Medicine36 Mathematics36 Education27 Law20 Sociology16 Economics16 Computer Science15 History14 Biology12 Information Science11

The Impact of OA Journals Citation Study by ISI 200 OA journals are covered 148 OA journals from natural sciences are analyzed w.r.t Impact Factors The data across all categories is normalized The journals ranking highest by Impact Factor are thus in the highest percentiles OA journals’ ranks in their respective categories vary Does the fact of open access change the pattern of citation? OA journals have similar citation pattern to other journals

Criticism U.K. Parlliaments’s Science and Technology Select Committee’s hearing in its inquiry into scientific publishing on March 1st 2004 STM publisshers, Blackwell, Elsevier, Nature: the cost per article download goes down; five years ago $ 14, in 2003 $3, it is predicted to go down below $2 The Royal Society predicts, if authors pay, extra $3.5 mlllion of funding is needed each year ScienceDirect: OA’s author-pays model risks penalising UK because British researchers produce disproportionately high number of articles every year: UK spends 3.3 % of World’s journal subscritions and produce 5 % of all articles published globally