Insights into Beirut atmosphere: the ECOCEM project 4th CHArMEx International Workshop ICTP, Trieste October 22, 2014 * Faculty of sciences, Saint Joseph University, Beirut, Lebanon Charbel Afif *, Antoine Waked, Thérèse Salameh, Agnès Borbon, Stéphane Sauvage, Imad El-Haddad, Paola Formenti, Jerome Brioude, Jean-François Doussin Nadine Locoge, Christian Seigneur

2 Familiar view in Lebanon

3 Kanakidou et al., 2011 Satellite images

4 Kouyoumdjian et Saliba, 2006 Aerosols Previous air pollution studies

5 Kouyoumdjian et Saliba, 2006 Aerosols Beirut polluted by aerosols May 2009 – April 2010 :  PM 10 : 44 – 91 µg.m -3  PM 2.5 : 18 – 23 µg.m -3 Massoud et al., 2011 Previous air pollution studies

6 Kouyoumdjian et Saliba, 2006 Aerosols Beirut polluted by aerosols May 2009 – April 2010 :  PM 10 : 44 – 91 µg.m -3  PM 2.5 : 18 – 23 µg.m -3 Massoud et al., 2011 Previous air pollution studies Recommended value (WHO) Afif et al., 2009 NO 2

7 Kouyoumdjian et Saliba, 2006 Aerosols Beirut polluted by aerosols May 2009 – April 2010 :  PM 10 : 44 – 91 µg.m -3  PM 2.5 : 18 – 23 µg.m -3 Massoud et al., 2011 Previous air pollution studies Recommended value (WHO) Afif et al., 2009 NO 2 Annual average 2009 : 53 µg.m : 58 µg.m -3 MOE/UNDP/ECODIT, 2011 Beirut polluted by NO 2

8 SO 2 Previous air pollution studies Concentrations rather low in Beirut However

9 Afif et al., 2008 SO 2 Previous air pollution studies Long range transport impacting Beirut Concentrations rather low in Beirut However

Rationale 10 -Scarcity of atmospheric data in this region of the world -East of the Med. basin and part of the MEA -Strong local emissions -Special topography with mountains at ~2km from the coast -Effect of LRT -Strong insulation

Rationale 11 -East of the Med. basin and part of the MEA -Strong local emissions -Special topography with mountains at ~2km from the coast -Effect of LRT -Insulation -Scarcity of atmospheric data in this region of the world Emission and Chemistry of Organic Carbon in the East Mediterranean ECOCEM – Beirut Emission and Chemistry of Organic Carbon in the East Mediterranean ECOCEM – Beirut

better understand the atmospheric pollution in Beirut and its suburbs ECOCEM Objective 12 providing valuable observations on the composition and the temporal evolution of different pollutants identifying and quantifying the relative importance of the different pollution sources assessing the existing knowledge between the meteorological parameters, air pollution sources and the observed concentrations

better understand the atmospheric pollution in Beirut and its suburbs ECOCEM Objective 13 providing valuable observations on the composition and the temporal evolution of different pollutants identifying and quantifying the relative importance of the different pollution sources assessing the existing knowledge between the meteorological parameters, air pollution sources and the observed concentrations Measurements & Modeling

Methodology 14 Field campaigns in summer and winter Gridded Emissions inventory with a temporal variation Measurements & Modeling

Summer campaign : 1 – 17 July 2011 Winter campaign : 28 January – 13 February 2012 Site : Mar Roukoz (USJ campus), Faculty of sciences Field campaigns Beyrouth 15

Measured parameters NO/NO 2 /NOx Ozone CO Some aldehydes and ketones More than 60 VOC (GCFID, PTRMS and active tubes) PM2.5 Primary organic compounds Secondary organic compounds Heavy metals Inorganic coumpounds OC/EC Wind speed/Wind direction Temperature Pressure Relative humidity NO 2 photolysis frequency 16

Some VOC results 17 High concentrations in Beirut compared to Western cities

Some VOC results 18 High concentrations in Beirut compared to Western cities Summer Winter Most NMHCs: summer maximum and a winter minimum NMHC distribution mainly driven by strong local emissions and local atmospheric dynamics, without a clear evidence of photochemical removal in summer or an influence from long range transport. Salameh et al., Env. Chem. under revision

Some VOC results 19 Source profiling with canisters: on road transport, power generators, solvent use, gasoline evaporation, etc. Salameh et al., 2014, Environ Sci Pollut Res

Some VOC results 20 Salameh et al., Atmos Env, under revision Source apportionment using PMF VOC: analysis is still on-going

Some results for PM Source contribution: tracer-based method Summer Winter Higher SOA in summer due to LRT PM2.5: analysis is still on-going Waked et al., 2013, AST Waked et al., 2014, Atmos Res

Modeling with a CTM 22 Polyphemus/Polair3D Model

Modeling with a CTM 23 Polyphemus/Polair3D Model Emissions inventory for Lebanon

24 Sources taken into account: Transport (road, sea, air)  Tier 3 Industrial sector  Tier 2 Energy Production (power plants, generators)  Tier 1 Commercial, residential, construction sectors  Tier 1 Agriculture  Tier 1 Waste  Tier 1 Biomass burning  Tier 1 Biogenic Emissions  Tier 1 Polluants : CO NOx SO 2 COV NH 3 PM 10 et PM 2.5 Choice of the activity rate and the emission factors : Sources: Data collection from the private and public sectors Emission factors and calculation method: EEA/EMEP 2009 guide ( Emission Inventory for the year 2010 First emissions inventory for Lebanon

25 Results : annual inventory for 2010 (Lebanon, 1 cell)

After the calculation of the annual emissions  allocation in space and time 2 domains : Lebanon : cells of 5km x 5km Beirut and suburbs : cells of 1km x 1km Stationary Sources (Power plants,…) : localisation of each source by longitude and latitude Mobile Sources : road traffic (number of vehicles by segment) 26 Spatial and temporal resolution 1 km x 1 km 5 km x 5 km 30 km 40km

1: Tripoli 2: Zouk 3: Beirut 4: Chekka 5: Jieh 6: Saïda 7: Bekaa 8: Selaata 27 Spatial allocation in the large domain (Lebanon) Waked et al., 2012, Atmos Env

1: Beirut 2: Zouk 28 Spatial allocation in the inner domain (Beirut and sub.) Waked et al., 2012, Atmos Env

29 Extension of the assess. of emissions from transport in MEA Waked and Afif, 2012, Atmos Env

Modeling results for Lebanon ( July 2011) 30 Waked et al., 2013, ACP

31 Modeling results for Lebanon ( July 2011) Waked et al., 2013, ACP

32 Modeling results for Lebanon ( July 2011) Waked et al., 2013, ACP - Comparison between Polyphemus and the tracer based-approach undertaken to assess the contribution of the different sources to OC in PM2.5 in Beirut  Although discrepancies exist, on-road transportation and diesel generators used for electricity production are major sources of atmospheric PM Waked et al., 2014, Air Qual Atmos Health

Conclusion 33 New Dataset of pollutants available for Lebanon with an emission inventory, measurements, etc. Work is still on-going to analyze data New actions have/are taking place, ex. Tunnel experiment in July 2014 The new actions are part of the TRANSEMED initiative  Agnès Borbon Friday morning!

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