Human Immunodeficiency Virus and Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome HIV and AIDS Day Five Information based on materials from the KNOW Curriculum, Holt Textbook, WA Department of Health, & Center for Disease Control Human Immunodeficiency Virus and Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome

Health I.Q. (True/False) (number your paper 1-10) HIV is typically not spread by coughing or sneezing. A person can’t get an HIV infection from sharing needles or other injection equipment. HIV attacks specific cells of the immune system, disabling the body’s defenses against other pathogens. HIV is spread by mosquito and tick bites. The three stages of HIV infection include: asymptomatic, symptomatic, and AIDS. HIV can pass from an infected mother to her baby during pregnancy, birth, and breast feeding. Sharing toilet seats can spread HIV. The risk of getting HIV from blood transfusions is extremely small. Teenagers seldom get HIV infection. Playing contact sports, such as rugby or football does not put you at risk for HIV infection.

Health I.Q. (True/False) HIV is typically not spread by coughing or sneezing. TRUE: HIV is not spread through the air. The amount of HIV in mucus/saliva is not enough to spread HIV. A person can’t get an HIV infection from sharing needles or other injection equipment. FALSE: People who share injection equipment for legal and illegal drugs, tattooing, and body piercing are at risk of becoming infected. HIV attacks specific cells of the immune system, disabling the body’s defenses against other pathogens. TRUE HIV is spread by mosquito and tick bites. FALSE: Mosquitos and other biting animals such as ticks, bed bugs, and fleas do not spread HIV. The three stages of HIV infection include: asymptomatic, symptomatic, and AIDS.

Health I.Q. (True/False) HIV can pass from an infected mother to her baby during pregnancy, birth, and breast feeding. TRUE Sharing toilet seats can spread HIV. FALSE: HIV is not spread by sharing bathroom facilities because HIV does not live long outside the body. The risk of getting HIV from blood transfusions is extremely small. Teenagers seldom get HIV infection. FALSE: HIV does not discriminate by age. Teens who practice risky behaviors are at risk of becoming infected. Playing contact sports, such as rugby or football does not put you at risk for HIV infection.

Supershort Assignment #3 With a partner discuss 3 reasons why you think the number of HIV cases in teenagers is rising. What are some ways to reduce this trend (list at least 3)?

HIV AROUND THE WORLD AIDS is a pandemic, a disease that spreads quickly through human populations all over the world. The origin is not clear. One theory is that someone in rural Cameroon was bitten by a chimp or was cut while butchering one and became infected with the ape virus. It mutated and was eventually passed to someone else. AIDS was first discovered in the USA in the early 1980’s Since 1981, more than 980,000 cases of AIDS have been reported in the US to the CDC. According to the CDC, more than 1 million Americans may be infected with HIV, ¼ of whom are unaware of their infection. Stats via “FLASH”, resource: National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Nat’l Institutes of Health, US DOH (Oct 2007)

Global summary of the AIDS epidemic December 2008 Total 33.4 million Adults 31.3 million Women 15.7 million Children >15yrs 2.1 million Total 2.7 million Adults 2.3 million Children >15yrs 430,000 Total 2.0 million Adults 1.7 million Children >15yrs 280 000 Number of people living with HIV in 2008 People newly infected with HIV in 2008 AIDS-related deaths in 2008 The ranges around the estimates in this table define the boundaries within which the actual numbers lie, based on the best available information.

Estimated Rate of New HIV Infections, 2009, by Gender and Race/Ethnicity CDC.gov

Estimated Numbers of Persons Living with an AIDS Diagnosis, All Ages, by Sex, 2009 http://www.statehealthfacts.org/comparecat.jsp?cat=11&rgn=49&rgn=1&print=1

Diagnoses of HIV Infection in the United States, 2009, by Age http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/youth/index.htm In 2009, young persons accounted for 39% of all new HIV infections in the US.

Teens at Risk Each year, about 40,000 new cases of HIV infection occur in the U.S.; half occur in people under the age of 25. AIDS cases among people between the ages of 13 and 19 totaled 4,219. (June 2001) HIV is the 7th leading cause of death in the U.S. among ages 5-14 and 6th for ages 15-24. HIV can happen in anyone who engages in high-risk behavior, regardless of sexual orientation, gender, or age. Stats from Glencoe Human Sexuality “teacher annotated edition”. Pg 120

What are HIV and AIDS? HIV and AIDS are DIFFERENT! Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is the virus that primarily infects cells of the immune system and that causes AIDS. Acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) is the disease that is caused by HIV infection, which weakens the immune system.

How HIV infects the body Have you ever been near someone with a contagious infection, such as a cold, but you didn’t get sick? One reason why is that your immune system was strong enough to fight the infection. Now imagine that your immune system didn’t work…this is what happens after HIV infects the body.

The Process of HIV Helper T cells are the white blood cells that activate the immune response and that are the primary target cells of HIV infection. HIV uses helper T cells to make copies of itself, killing the helper T cells in the process. As helper T cell counts drop, the body loses its ability to fight off other infections and certain cancers. An opportunistic infection (OI) is an illness due to an organism that causes disease in people with weakened immune systems.

Phases of HIV and AIDS Phase I of HIV infection is the asymptomatic stage, which means the infection is present but there are few or no symptoms. This phase can last 10 years or more. Phase II , the symptomatic stage is marked by the beginning or worsening of symptoms as the immune system fails. Phase III marks the beginning of AIDS. The helper T cell count is 200 or less and AIDS-defining conditions develop, such as opportunistic infections. *AIDS is FATAL and many people die from infections the immune system cannot fight, not AIDS itself.

T Cell Count & HIV Infection

Contracting “getting” AIDS Being infected with HIV doesn’t mean the person has AIDS. It usually takes 5 to 10 years for a person who is infected with HIV to develop AIDS is the person has not received treatment. People with AIDS cannot fight off illnesses that a healthy person’s immune system could easily defeat. AIDS patients suffer from and often die from these illnesses.

You cannot get HIV from playing contact sports. How HIV is Spread During sexual contact, which includes vaginal, oral, and anal sex, with an infected person Through sharing needles or other intravenous injection equipment with an infected person Through contact with blood, such as an open sore/cut to an infected person’s blood. From an infected mother to her infant before or during the birth process or by breast-feeding. You cannot get HIV from playing contact sports.

The REALITY of AIDS There is still no cure for AIDS. Once the virus infects a person’s body, there is no way to remove the virus. Most people with HIV infection eventually develop AIDS. Learning about HIV and AIDS and protecting yourself from being infected is VERY IMPORTANT!

Behaviors that are SAFE Donating Blood and Transfusions Previously receiving blood transfusion from an infected person used to be a common way to get an HIV infection. Since 1985 all the blood collecting in the U.S. has been tested for the presence of HIV and other diseases. Tainted blood is discarded. With new technology and screening this problem has practically been eliminated. Donating blood is safe when done at a blood bank or any established blood collection center. This is by using clean/sterile, new needles for each donor.

Preventing HIV/AIDS: Eliminate the Risks! Practice abstinence. Avoid drugs. Don’t share contaminated needles or have sex with drug abusers. Avoid contact with blood and body fluids. Don’t share personal items (razors, syringes, piercing/tattoo needles).

Universal Precautions Universal precautions are a set of procedures used to avoid contact with bodily fluids and reduce the risk of spreading HIV and other diseases. Some examples: Wear latex or vinyl gloves before coming into contact with another person’s blood or body fluids. Handle and dispose of all bodily fluids or tissues in a safe manner. Use single-use supplies or equipment when practical (some equipment might go through a sterilization process).

Testing for HIV The only way a person can know for certain whether or not he or she is infected with HIV is to have a blood test by trained medical professional. These tests are performed at a hospital, health clinic, or a local health department. Laws protect the confidentiality of test results. A person who is diagnosed as being infected with HIV is said to be HIV-positive.

Testing for HIV HIV has 3 testing stages to ensure accurate results. Stage 1: an HIV test screens a person’s blood for HIV antibodies. Stage 2: Since HIV antibodies can take up to 3 months to appear, a second test is done 3 months later to verify the results . After the second test, if HIV antibodies are not detected (negative) the person does not require further testing at this time. If HIV antibodies are detected in the second test (positive), then a third test is done to confirm the results. Stage 3: if the 2nd and 3rd test are both positive. A different method is used for the 4th test. A person must test positive in tests 2, 3, and 4 to be diagnosed as HIV positive.

Treating HIV and AIDS No cure exists for HIV and AIDS. Treatment can help an infected person survive longer. Drug combination therapy is an AIDS treatment program in which patients take more than one drug. Drugs for treating HIV can have severe side effects, can lose their effectiveness over time, are expensive, and require diligence and commitment.

HIV/STD HOTLINE (206) 205-7837 1 800 227 8922

Presentation Resources This presentation was created using one or more of the following curricula: Department of Health, online resources Center for Disease Control, online resources F.L.A.S.H. (Family Life and Sexual Health) Glencoe Health, 2007 Glencoe Human Sexuality 2007 Holt Lifetime Health 2004 KNOW (HIV/STD Prevention) 1997 Prentice Hall Health, 2007

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