Functional ecological infrastructures: the need for regional spatial planning, but by whom? Per Angelstam et al.

INCLUDE’s four questions What characterizes a sustainable landscape, and how can it be evaluated? What are the critical impacts of infrastructure and traffic on environmental qualities, and are there critical limits in this impact? How can this impact be assessed and communicated to users? What are the remedies, and how can the planning process be improved

Nature values

Critical habitat loss Probability of survival (%) Amount of habitat (%)

Land cover data base The land cover providing resources (=habitat quality) Sufficiently large patches Sufficiently close together

Habitat models for focal species –Generalists All forest –Specialists Coniferous Deciduous Mixed a)b)c) d)e)f) g)h)i) j)k)l) Habitat suitability There are SEVERAL habitat networks

Scale and planning levels Strategic Tactical Operational micro meso macro Spatial scale

Informal planning process Formal planning process StrategicTacticalOpera- tional National Regional Local Governance arrangement Lobbying Education Social learning Think-tank Spatial planning GIS models EIA SEA Regional governance and assessment

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Rospuda (Poland)

E 18 (Sweden)

Sustainable Forest Management

Water Framework Directive

Regional spatial planning The social system Stakeholder represent sectors and level Multi-level governance Participation The ecological system Species of interest (small and large area requirements) Land cover themes (representative) Analyses of which areas to protect, manage and restore

Promoting adaptive capacity Sector representation –Public - Private - Civil/NGO Multi-level governance –Local, regional, national, international Participation –A ladder with many steps from partnership to information

Information One-way communi- cation Consultation Tokenism Community input heard but not heeded Communi- cation Two-way information exchange Advisory committees Local actors have advisory power; non- binding decisions Cooperation Local actors have input in management; are involved as assistants or guides; limited by management agencies Joint management boards Local actors participate in developing and implementing plans; local input plays more than just an advisory role Partnership Partnership of equals; joint decision- making institutiona- lised and formally recognised; control delegated to the local actors where feasible Stakeholder participation ladder (Arnstein 1996) Secondary Primary Principal

What do different sectors do? Planning levels –Strategic –Tactical –Operational Scale –Macro –Meso –Micro Spatial extent –Regional –Local

SectorPlanning levels?ExtentScale StrategicTacticalOperatio- nal Transport +++macroregion Forest +++mesolocal Agriculture --+microlocal Catchment +--macroregion Municipality ++-mesolocal

Europe’s West and East as a laboratory

Integration and networking among multiple “hubs”, each with: Management units (=landscape) –Infrastructure, agriculture/forestry, conservation Research units –Humanities, social and natural sciences Education units –University and training

Levels of ambition Preservation Conservation Mitigation/restoration Adaptation