Johan Montelius jm@sics.se Radio Access Johan Montelius jm@sics.se

Shannon C = W x log2(1 + S/N) The capacity [C] in bits/s is directly proportional to the available bandwidth [W] and log2 proportional to the signal to noise ratio [S/N].

bandwidth & power

Attenuation in open space Sr = S0/4r2 The signal strength at a distance [Sr] is directly proportional to the sending strength [S0] and indirectly proportional to square of the distance [r]

Real life In urban environment the signal strength is proportional to 1/rk where k = 1,6 … 3,8

Distance costs

Too bad for broadcast but good for cellular systems Not a problem detectable good quality

What is interference

Rules of thumb Bandwidth Power Noise most important factor to increase capacity Power will buy you distance but at a high cost Noise your own signal can be the worst problem

Divide the resources Space Frequency Time Code systems ”far” apart don’t interfere with each other Frequency modulate the signal to use a specified frequency band Time synchronize and allocate time slots Code Information coding

National/International regulations 1800 1850 1900 1950 2000 2050 2100 2150 2200 2250 MSS ITU IMT 2000 EU GSM 1800 UMTS DECT MDS US PCS Jp/Ko IMT 2000 China GSM 1800 IMT 2000

Frequency division By modulating a carrier frequency, the radiated power can be limited to a specified frequency range. The width of the range is the bandwidth of the carrier. A guard band is needed to protect adjacent carriers.

Frequency planning A B C 3 cells per site typically used in urban environment

Frequency planning 4 sites, 3 cells per site minimum distance 12 carriers needed A D B E C F A J G H K I L

Time division Enabled by faster processors. A carrier is divided into time slots. Each channel is allocated a time slot. A guard period is needed between adjacent time slots

Timing advance A sender must adjust its transmission to meet the time slot at the receiver. The farther away the earlier you send . The base station will tell you if your late or early. a b B A

Locating a mobile terminal

What is left ? when bandwidth is fixed and power is limited do the best modulation possible

Modulation frequency modulation amplitude modulation phase modulation combination of above … no modulation ?

Wireless systems Often use a phase modulation Could change modulation depending on quality of signal Spectral efficiency up to 2 bits raw data per Hz under good conditions aprx 0,5 to 1 bit user data per Hz limited by signal to noise ratio

How do we compare? What is the maximum user capacity? What is the maximum capacity of a system? How many carriers do we have? What is the total capacity of a carrier? How many carriers can be used at any given point?

GSM Each duplex carrier is 2x200 KHz wide 900 1800 1900 (in the US) up 890-915 MHz down 935-960 MHz 124 duplex carriers 2x25MHz in total 1800 up 1710-1785 MHz down 1805-1880 MHz 374 duplex carriers 2x75MHz in total !!!!! 1900 (in the US) up 1850-1910 MHz down 1930-1990 2x60MHz in total

GSM Time division Gaussian Minimum Shift Keying (GMSK) HSCSD 8 time slots per carrier one carrier up one carrier down Gaussian Minimum Shift Keying (GMSK) user bitrate 9,6 kb/s or 14,4 kb/s per timeslot raw bitrate 272 kb/s per carrier HSCSD Two or more time slots

Up and down 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 down up The up link is delayed 3 slots in order to give the terminal time to adjust to the new frequency. Time slots 5 and 6 can be used to listen for better frequencies.

GPRS Dynamically allocate time slots Data and voice can be combined normally 1:4 one up, four down Data and voice can be combined Coding schemes (user data rates) CS 1: 9,05 kb/s total 72,4 kb/s CS 2: 13,4 kb/s total 107,2 kb/s CS 3: 15,6 kb/s total 124,8 kb/s CS 4: 21,4 kb/s total 171,2 kb/s

EDGE Enhanced data rate for GSM Evolution Change the modulation to 8-PSK i.e. 3 bits per symbol User data rate 22,8 kb/s to 69,2 kb/s Total of 553 kb/s don’t move

UMTS/WCDMA Each paired carrier is 2x5MHz 155 MHz in total Unpaired carriers can be used using time-division duplex mode (TDD) A typical operator Two or three paired, one unpaired Up to six operators share the spectrum

ISM 2.4 GHz Industrial, Scientific and Medical US 2400 – 24835 83,5MHz in total Japan 2400 – 2497 89,7MHz in total Open for anyone, no license Limitation on power < 0.1W (<1W US) Using a spread spectrum technique

Spread spectrum Why spread the signal over a wider spectrum? more robust, will survive if part of the spectrum is noisy will allow other systems to operate in the same environment Two techniques frequency hopping direct sequence

Frequency Hopping divide the spectrum into separate carriers In ISM, FCC regulated at least 70 carriers transmit and hop In ISM, FCC regulates < 400 ms a code determines where to hop how do we synchronize? low cost, low power, very robust

Direct Sequence Increase the bandwidth by sending a pattern, chipping sequence, at a higher bitrate sequence can be static or dynamic dynamic patterns are used in CDMA high bitrate, robust

Bluetooth 1.1 Frequency hopping, GFSK modulation Gaussian Frequency Shift Key 79 carriers of 1 MHz, 1600 hops per s Power Class 1: 20dBm (100mW) range aprx 100m Class 2: 4dBm (2,5 mW) range aprx 10m Class 3: 0dbM (1 mW) range aprx 10 cm Master & Slave Master determines hopping sequence Capacity 712 Kb/s per channel

802.11b DSSS, BPSK (1Mbps) QPSK (11Mbps) ISM 2.4 Carrier US 11 carriers Europe (except France and Spain) 13 carriers Japan 14 carriers Carrier 22 MHz wide can use 3 carriers without overlap!

802.11b 1 Mb/s using BPSK 2 Mb/s using QPSK 5,5 and 11 Mb/s Barker spread sequence of 11 bits 2 Mb/s using QPSK Barker sequence of 11 bits (22 Mb/s raw data) 5,5 and 11 Mb/s QPSK, same as for 2Mb/s complementary code keying 1,375M symbols/s each symbol is 8 bits long (11 Mb/s raw data) each symbol represents 4 or 8 bits

802.11b 11 Mb/s 8 b/symbol 8 chips/symbol 1,375 Msymb/s QPSK 1 Mb/s 1 b/symbol 11 chips/symbol 1 Msymb/s BPSK

Code division Same frequency can be used No cell planning How do we decode the message?

Code division: coding 1 d1 d2 message di -1 1 code cik -1 1 Zik= dik * cik out zik -1

Code division: decoding 1 out zik -1 1 code cik -1 S m 1 di = zikcik m k = 1 1 d1 = (-1 –1 – 1 –1 – 1 – 1 –1 – 1) = -1 8

Code division: multiple senders Da = -1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1+1+1+1+1+1+1+1+1 Ca = +1+1+1-1+1-1-1-1+1+1+1-1+1-1-1-1 Za = -1-1-1+1-1+1+1+1+1+1+1-1+1-1-1-1 Db = +1+1+1+1+1+1+1+1+1+1+1+1+1+1+1+1 Cb = +1-1+1+1+1-1+1+1+1-1+1+1+1-1+1+1 Zb = +1-1+1+1+1-1+1+1+1-1+1+1+1-1+1+1

Code division Za = -1-1-1+1-1+1+1+1+1+1+1-1+1-1-1-1 Zb = +1-1+1+1+1-1+1+1+1-1+1+1+1-1+1+1 Zab= +0-2+0+2+0+0+2+2+2+0+2+0+2-2+0+0 Zab= +0-2+0+2+0+0+2+2+2+0+2+0+2-2+0+0 Ca = +1+1+1-1+1-1-1-1+1+1+1-1+1-1-1-1 ZCa= +0-2+0-2+0+0-2-2+2+0+2+0+1+2+0+0 Sa= -8/8 = -1 +8/8 = +1

UWB Ultra wide band More than 1.5 GHz or 20% of central frequency Use low power, low enough to disappear in noise level of other systems Compensate by using large bandwidth, up to several GHz Distance is, due to low power, limited < 10 m

Shannon revisited Shannon’s theorem sets a limit for one receiver listening to one message. What happens if we have several channels open, multiple receivers. Is there a limitation on capacity in space?

WCDMA 5 MHz carrier QPSK modulation 3,84 Mcps chipping rate