Metabolic Pathways But first…

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Metabolic Pathways How cells function

Global Warming Climatic Cycles Glacial Periods Global Warming Causes? Gases in atmosphere Carbon Dioxide Methane Nitrous Oxide Water Vapor Milankovitch cycle

Global Warming Carbon Dioxide Use of fossil fuels Burning rainforest Methane Rice paddies Livestock (cows) Nitrous Oxide Nitrogen based fertilizers Industry

Global Warming Milankovitch cycle Eccentricity ~100,000 years. Obliquity ~41,000 years; 21.5° to 24.5° Precession ~26,000 years.

Eccentricity Distance to the sun 100,000 year cycle Winter in North at Perihelion, and therefore shorter than summer Low eccentricity of High eccentricity of Mean eccentricity of Present eccentricity Moving towards low centricity - warming Perihelion Aphelion

Obliquity Tilt of the Axis 41,000 year cycle Minimum tilt is 21.1º Maximum tilt is 24.5º Currently at 23.5º Tilt is decreasing - cooling

Precession Wobble like a top Completes the wobble every ~21,000 years Other “north stars, Thuban in Draco and Vega in Lyra Top 10 sec Top Both 33 sec Both

Milankovitch Cycles These three cycles, in combination, can alter climate Eccentricity Obliquity Precession Milankovitch 2.38 min Milankovitch

Global Warming Other Factors Volcanos Gases Particles in air reflect sunlight energy

Gaia The Gaia hypothesis is an ecological theory that proposes that the living matter of planet Earth functions like a single organism. ecologicalorganism

Equilibrium Maintained though various cycles

Cycles In a dynamic system, there are many different cycles For example, the water cycle

Other Important Cycles Rock Cycle Carbon Cycle Nitrogen Cycle Phosphorous Cycle Calcium Cycle

Oxygen Cycle Hypothesized to have originally poisoned Earth’s organisms by changing the atmosphere Produced ozone High Energy Electron Accepter

Cellular Energy ATP production

Cellular Respiration It takes energy to form molecular bonds Energy is released when bonds are broken ATP is packaged in discrete units usable by the cell

Cellular Respiration Glucose is a simple sugar we get in our food and is the energy source Breaking the bonds of Glucose yields 36 ATPs

Cellular Respiration

Cellular Respiration Complex series of reactions sent though the electron transport chain to harvest electrons from sugar and donate to oxygen Three Stages

Cellular Respiration Glycolysis Outside mitochondria Produces 2 ATP per glucose molecule Ancestral ATP + 4 ATP = 2 ATP

Cellular Respiration Kreb’s Cycle Inside Mitochondria Produces 2 ATP for each glucose molecule

Cellular Respiration Electron Transport Chain Electron Transport Chain Inside Mitochondria Produces ~32 ATP per glucose molecule32 ATP

Cellular Respiration Needs Oxygen Waste Product CO 2 C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O 2 → 6CO 2 + 6H 2 O + Energy E O Tutorial

Photosynthesis Basically, the opposite pathway of cellular respiration needs CO 2 waste product O 2 E 6CO 2 + 6H 2 O Energy C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O

Photosynthesis Using sunlight energy, carbon dioxide gas, and water, forms glucose bonds in the chloroplasts

Photosynthesis Gas exchange in plants Leaf is generally photosynthetic organ of plant

Questions? BJShaw – Megatherium americanum, Museo de la Plata, La Plata, Argentina 2008