Fig. 12-CO, p. 315

Fig. 12-1a, p. 317

Post-Glacial Sea Level Rise Sea level change (ft) from present day Thousands of years ago Sea level change (m) from present day 20

Fig. 12-1b, p. 317

Sea Level Projections Sea level rise (cm) Sea level rise (inch) 5 10 −5 −10 0 Observations

Fig. 12-2a, p. 318

Fig. 12-2b, p. 318

Fig. 12-3, p. 319

Fig. 12-4a, p. 319

Blowhole Headland Sea cliffs Sea stack Sea cave Exposed beach Sea arch Wave-cut platform Sediments

Fig. 12-4b, p. 319

Fig. 12-4c, p. 319

Wave-cut platform Original land surface Sea cliff Notch eroded by waves

Fig. 12-4d, p. 319

Fig. 12-5, p. 320

Wave crests Wave energy converging on headlands Wave energy diverging Sediment movement Quiet beach

Fig. 12-6, p. 321

Fig. 12-7, p. 321

Fig. 12-8, p. 322

Fig. 12-9, p. 322

Fig , p. 322

Fig , p. 323

Fig , p. 323

Table 12-1, p. 324

Fig , p. 324

Shallow-water wave A To shore B

Fig , p. 325

Back- shore Fore- shore Nearshore (through breakers) Dunes Berms Beach scarp Offshore Berm crest Longshore trough Longshore bars High tide Low tide (dotted line)

Fig a, p. 325

Fig b, p. 325

Fig a, p. 326

Upper limit of wave action Surf zone Longshore current Path followed by sand grains Direction of wave approach

Fig b, p. 326

Fig , p. 327

Fig a, p. 328

Coastal cell Cliff erosion River input Major river forming a delta Longshore transport Rocky point River input Submarine canyon Sediment entering longshore transport system Sediment movement down continental shelf and slope Sediment transport to ocean basin within a submarine canyon

Fig b, p. 328

Santa Monica N Malibu Redondo Los Angeles Long Beach Palos Verdes Huntington Newport Santa Cruz Island Submarine canyon Oceanside Longshore drift Santa Catalina Island Rocky headlands 0 50 San Clemente Island Laguna km

Fig c (1), p. 328

W–W– Cliff C+C+ Surf zone V+V+ O+O+ Beach V–V– O–O–

Fig c (2), p. 328

Fig , p. 329

Longshore current Sand spit Bay mouth bar Barrier island Bay Inlet Sea island Lagoon BayTombolo Beach

Fig , p. 329

Fig , p. 329

Fig , p. 330

Isle of Wight Bay Fenwick Island N Ocean City Ocean City Inlet MARYLAND Upper Sinepuxent Neck Atlantic Ocean Position of shoreline Assateague Island Sinepuxent Bay km mi

Box 12-1a, p. 331

Box 12-1b, p. 331

Fig a, p. 332

Fig b, p. 332

Fig c, p. 332

Fig a, p. 333

Fig b, p. 333

Fig , p. 334

Fig , p. 334

010 km Massachusetts Elizabeth Islands Recessional moraine Atlantic Ocean Terminal moraines Martha's Vineyard Moraine Present land Nantucket Cape Cod

Fig , p. 334

Fig a-c, p. 335

Fringing reef Barrier reefAtoll abc

Fig d, p. 335

Fig , p. 336

Fig , p. 337

a Drowned river mouthb fjord c Bar-built d Tectonic Mainland Lagoon Barrier islands Ocean

Fig , p. 338

River Seawater a Salt wedge

Fig , p. 338 River Seawater b Well-mixed

Fig , p. 338 River Seawater c Partially mixed

Fig , p. 338 River Seawater d Fjord

Fig , p. 338

Latitude Longitude –76.0

Fig , p. 339

Fig , p. 340

Fig a, p. 341

Fig b, p. 341

Fig , p. 342

(a) Groin Groins are structures that extend from the beach into the water. They help counter erosion by trapping sand from the current. Groins accumulate sand on their updrift side, but erosion is worse on the downdrift side, which is deprived of sand. Current (b) Seawall Seawalls protect property temporarily, but they also increase beach erosion by deflecting wave energy onto the sand in front of and beside them. High waves can wash over seawalls and destroy them and property. (c) Importing sand Importing sand to a beach is considered the best response to erosion. The new sand often is dredged from offshore, can cost tens of millions of dollars, and can disturb aquatic biodiversity. Because it is often finer than beach sand, dredged sand erodes more quickly.

Fig , p. 342 (a) Groin Groins are structures that extend from the beach into the water. They help counter erosion by trapping sand from the current. Groins accumulate sand on their updrift side, but erosion is worse on the downdrift side, which is deprived of sand. Current (b) Seawall Seawalls protect property temporarily, but they also increase beach erosion by deflecting wave energy onto the sand in front of and beside them. High waves can wash over seawalls and destroy them and property. (c) Importing sand Importing sand to a beach is considered the best response to erosion. The new sand often is dredged from offshore, can cost tens of millions of dollars, and can disturb aquatic biodiversity. Because it is often finer than beach sand, dredged sand erodes more quickly. Stepped Art

Fig , p. 342

Fig , p. 343

Alaska region Great Lakes region North Pacific region North Atlantic region California region Hawai’i region Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands (included in South Atlantic – Gulf region) Percent stable Texas Gulf region 18 2 Percent noncritical erosion Lower Mississippi region Percent critical erosion South Atlantic – Gulf region