Estimated GFR Based on Creatinine and Cystatin C

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Estimated GFR Based on Creatinine and Cystatin C Lesley A Stevens, MD, MS Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine Boston MA Chronic Kidney Disease-Epidemiology Collaboration UO1 DK 053869, UO1 DK 067651 and UO1 DK 35073.

Background GFR is essential to detection, management, and evaluation of CKD GFR is difficult to measure and is usually estimated from serum markers GFR estimates are used to: Estimate measured GFR Predict risk for adverse outcomes Interpretation of GFR estimates depends upon properties of the equations and the filtration markers

Physiology of endogenous filtration markers Creatinine MDRD Study equation CKD-EPI equation Cystatin C CKD-EPI equations Predictors of serum levels

Physiology of Endogenous Filtration Markers G (cells, tissues) U X V = GFR x S + TS- TR G-E = GFR x S + TS-TR S= (G - E – TS+TR) /GFR GFR= (G - E – TS+TR)/S G (diet) U X V (kidney) GFR TS TR S E (gut, liver) Estimating equations substitute easily measured clinical surrogates for unmeasured physiological processes 4

Creatinine Physiology G (muscle) U X V = GFR x S + TS G-E = GFR x S + TS S= (G - E - TS) /GFR GFR= (G - E - TS)/S G (diet) U X V (kidney) GFR TS S E (gut) Age, sex, race, weight 5

The MDRD Study equation Derived from 1628 participants with predominantly non-diabetic CKD (mean GFR 40 ml/min/1.73 m2) Age, sex and race as surrogates for non-GFR determinants Reasonable accuracy in CKD populations Systematic bias (underestimation) of measured GFR at higher levels Imprecision throughout the GFR range 6

The MDRD Study equation Predicts higher risk for adverse outcomes at lower eGFR Paradoxical higher risk observed in people at higher eGFR Adverse Outcome Estimated GFR 30 135 7

Chronic Kidney Disease-Epidemiology Collaboration (CKD-EPI) Goal: Develop and validate improved estimating equations Diverse dataset of individuals with & without kidney disease, and across range of measured GFR and age Additional surrogates for non-GFR determinants Inclusion criteria: study population >250; availability of serum samples; quality control data Final studies Category 1: 10 studies; equation development (random selection of 2/3 of data) and internal validation (remaining 1/3 of data) Category 2: 16 studies; external validation Levey et al Ann Int Med 2009; 150: 604 612

Clinical Characteristics of CKD-EPI Datasets Category 1 (10 studies) Development and Internal Validation Category 2 (16 studies) External validation N 8254 3896 GFR (mL/min/1.73 m2)  67 (40) 68 (36) Diagnosed CKD, N (%)  6004 (73) 2143 (55) Age (years) N, (SD)  47 (15) 50 (15) Female, N (%)  3606 (44) 1753 (45) Black, N (%)  2602 (32) 384 (10) Diabetes, N (%)  2406 (29) 1091 (28) Transplant recipient, N (%)  360 (4) 1130 (29) BMI (kg/m2) N (SD)  28 (6) 27 (6) Levey et al Ann Int Med 2009; 150: 604 612 9

Levey et al Ann Int Med 2009; 150: 604 612 CKD-EPI Equation GFR = 141 x [min(Scr/κ),1)α x max(Scr/κ),1)-1.209 ] x Age-0.993 x 1.018 [if female] x [1.157 if Black] α is 0.329 for females and 0.411 for males; min indicates minimum of Scr/ or 1, and max indicates maximum of Scr/ or 1 Female ≤0.7  GFR = 144 x (Scr/0.7)-0.329 x Age-0.993 x 1.157 [if black] >0.7  GFR = 144 x (Scr/0.7)-1.209 Male ≤ 0.9  GFR = 141 x (Scr/0.9)-0.411 >0.9  GFR = 141 x (Scr/0.9)-1.209 Levey et al Ann Int Med 2009; 150: 604 612

Levey et al Ann Int Med 2009; 150: 604 612 Comparison of the Performance of the MDRD Study and CKD-EPI equations (Validation dataset) All 60-89 Δ MDRD 5.5 11.9 CKD-EPI 2.5 4.2 % Δ 50% 59% IQR 18.3 22.6 16.6 22.0  Δ 9% 3% Underestimation 75th %ile precision bias 25th %ile MDRD Study CKD-EPI Overestimation Levey et al Ann Int Med 2009; 150: 604 612

Levey et al Ann Int Med 2009; 150: 604 612 Comparison of distribution of estimated GFR for MDRD Study and CKD-EPI equations (NHANES 1999-2004) Values are plotted at the midpoint. Levey et al Ann Int Med 2009; 150: 604 612

Cystatin C and the Risk of Death and Cardiovascular Events among Elderly Persons Shlipak et al. N Engl J Med 2005;352:2049-60

Relationship of Plasma Level and GFR for Cystatin C G (all cells, factors ?) G (diet ?) U X V (kidney) GFR TR S E (?)

CKD-EPI Pooled Cystatin Database (4 studies, N=3134) Age, mean (SD), years 52.0 (13.2) Female, N (%) 1006 (32.1) Black, N (%) 1677 (53.5) Diabetes, N (%) 436 (13.9) Transplant, N (%) BMI, mean (SD), kg/m2 28.7 (6.1) GFR, mean (SD), ml/min/1.73 m2 48.7 (25.7) Standardized Scr, mean (SD), mg/dl 2.0 (1.0) Cystatin C, mean (SD) mg/l 1.8 (0.8) Stevens LA, et al. Am J Kidney Dis. 2008;51:395-406

Cystatin C vs Creatinine Equation CKD-EPI Cystatin Pooled Dataset; 4 studies; 3,134 individuals Δ P30   Median IQR Creatinine age, sex and race* 0.1 10.8 85 Cystatin alone 0.2 11.7 81 Cystatin age, sex and race 11.2 83 Both age, sex and race 9.2 89 Δ =mGFR-eGFR. Positive value indicates underestimate IQR, interquartile range P30, percentage of esteimates within 30% of measured GFR *Refit MDRD Study equation Stevens LA, et al. Am J Kidney Dis. 2008;51:395-406

Non-GFR Determinants of Cystatin C vs Creatinine in patients with CKD *Adjusted for GFR, GFR measurement error, age, sex and race BUN UCR Percent change in Creatinine UUN UPI UPR Pi Wt BMI BMI Albumin Glucposec Diabetes Diabetes HB CRP CRP SBP MAP WBC WBC Significant for both cystatin C and serum creatinine Significant for cystatin C only Significant for Serum creatinine only Not significant for either cystatin and serum creatinine Percent change in cystatin C Stevens et al KI 2008

Summary All endogenous filtration markers have non-GFR determinants that affects interpretation of their accuracy as well as prediction of risk The CKD-EPI equation is more accurate than the MDRD Study equation Less bias at eGFR >60 Similar performance at eGFR <60 Imprecision remains Cystatin C based estimates Provide similar or less accurate estimates of measured GFR in populations with CKD Non-GFR determinants are not well understood but may explain some of the improved risk prediction