General Turf Insects – Thatch and Soil Pests David J. Shetlar, Ph.D. The “BugDoc” The Ohio State University, OARDC & OSU Extension Columbus, OH © October, 2002, D.J. Shetlar, all rights reserved

Chewing Pests White Grubs Mole Crickets Sucking Pests Ground Pearls Root Aphids Thatch & Soil Pests

White Grub Damage

Annual White Grub Species Masked Chafers (North America - N, S, SW, W, SE) Japanese Beetle (eastern NA) Oriental Beetle (northeastern NA) European Chafer (northeastern NA) Asiatic Garden Beetle (northeastern NA) Green June Beetle (south-transition NA) May/June Beetles (southern only)

White Grub Adults Annual Grubs GJB, EC, SMC, NMC, JB, OB, AGB Multi-year Grubs, M/JB Multi-gen/yr Grub, BTA

White Grub Third Instars Annual Grubs GJB, EC, MC, JB, OB, AGB Multi-year Grubs, M/JB Multi-gen/yr Grub, BTA

Identifying Grub Species Identify grubs by raster pattern Adults are easy to ID but they don’t predict grub populations! Japanese beetle has V-shaped pattern.

Japanese Beetle – Japanese beetle adult skeletonizing leaf Mating cluster of beetles in turf

Japanese beetle distribution (2000)

Japanese Beetle Life Stages egg 1st 2nd 3rd pupa adult instar larva

JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC Japanese Beetle Annual Cycle

Masked Chafers – Pair of masked chafers at night on turf Masked chafer eggs newly laid (below) 48 hours in moist soil (above)

Identifying Grub Species Masked chafers have no pattern!

Northern Masked ChaferSouthern Masked Chafer Southwestern Masked ChaferWestern Masked Chafer Masked Chafer Distribution Maps

Northern Masked Chafer Life Stages egg 1st 2nd 3rd pupa adult instar larva

Masked Chafer Annual Cycle

Green June Beetle – Adult Mature grub “crawling” on soil Grub in overwintering burrow Overwintering Japanese beetles

Identifying Grub Species GJB grubs crawl on their backs!

Green June Beetle Distribution

Green June Beetle Life Cycle

Soil mounds around burrows in fall. Note thinning of turf where grubs have come to the surface to feed. Spring “clean-out” mounds from green June beetles on a golf course fairway.

European Chafer – © H. Niemczyk European chafer adults swarming to tree at dusk for mating Adult

Identifying Grub Species European chafers have Y-shaped anus & two rows of bristles that diverge at anus. Y-shaped anus with two rows of bristles.

European Chafer Distribution (2000)

European Chafer Life Cycle

Oriental Beetle & Asiatic Garden Beetle – Three common color forms of Oriental beetle Asiatic garden beetles feeding & mating

Identifying Grub Species Oriental beetle has two rows of small spines, in number. Asiatic garden beetle has vertical anus & broad U-shaped spine pattern.

Asiatic Garden Beetle (2000)Oriental Beetle (2000) Oriental Beetle & Asiatic Garden Beetle Distribution Maps

Black Turfgrass Ataenius (& Aphodius)

BTA adults have a smooth hind tibia while Aphodius has three spurs.

Identifying Grub Species Ataenius raster is random pattern of bristles and anal pads separate. Aphodius raster has small V pattern and anal pad is only cleft, not divided.

Black Turfgrass Ataenius Distribution Aphodius granarius is mainly northern in distribution.

Black Turfgrass Ataenius Life Cycle in Ohio

BTA damage first appears as turf that wilts in the afternoon heat, but recovers when irrigated. A few days later, the turf will not recover for more than a day or several hours. At this point it is near death!

Turf killed by BTA larvae in late June and early July. These patches can continue to expand, so rapid action is essential for saving the turf!

May/June Beetles, Phyllophaga – Most Phyllophaga are listed as being multiple- year life cycle species, but many of the southern species are annual grubs. Adult Phyllophaga commonly feed on the leaves of local trees.

Identifying Grub Species Phyllophaga grubs generally have two parallel rows of bristles DO NOT diverge at the anus (like European chafers).

Diagram of a Phyllophaga species with a three-year life cycle. Note that the adults are formed in September and overwinter in their last year of development.

Life Cycles of Common White Grubs Found in Ohio

Target Principle © HDN

Where do grubs feed? Ans: Soil-Thatch Interface © HDN

What do grubs eat? Ans: THATCH, soil (oh, and roots)

Northern Masked Chafer Life Stages Egg Larva Pupa Adult 1st 2nd 3rd Instar NOTE: if the first instar grub is “one unit” of weight, the second instar is about 15 to 20 units and the third instar is 35 to 50 units.

A study in California to determine the relative susceptibility of masked chafer first, second and third instar grubs to an insecticide, diazinon in this case. They found the following relative susceptibility of these instars: First Instar – 1 unit Second Instar – 26 units Third Instar – 120 units! Therefore, grub susceptibility to insecticides does not appear to be a “straight line” effect of body weight!

JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC Japanese Beetle Annual Cycle Traditional Control Timing Preventive-Early Curative Timing

Ranked Efficacy of White Grub Insecticides 1976 – 2001 a rateaverange% of tests Insecticidelb.ai./a.% control# tests% controlbelow 70% Thiamethoxam (=Meridian) Halofenozide (=MACH2) Imidacloprid (=Merit) Trichlorfon (=Dylox, Proxol) Carbaryl (=Sevin) Diazinon Chlorpyrifos (=Dursban) a Data from ESA publications ( ) using masked chafer and Japanese beetle data where label timing recommendations were used and at least 4.0 grubs per sq.ft. were found in checks.

Comparison of Grub Insecticide Efficacy by Time of Application Halofenozide (6)96.8 (18)92.2 (15)92.0 (13) 80.3 (22) (=MACH2) Imidachloprid (8)91.8 (16)94.9 (16)95.6 (17) 96.5 (29) (=Merit) Thiamethoxam (5)98.8 (11)98.6 (9)98.3 (11) 93.7 (8) (=Meridian) (4)99.3 (3)99.3 (2)98.0 (6)100.0 (4) Trichlorfon (2) 83.3 (12) rate ave % control (#tests) Insecticidelb.ai./a.MayJuneJulyto Aug 16to Sept 10

Mole Crickets Tawny Mole Cricket Scapteriscus vicinus Scudder Southern Mole Cricket S. borellii Giglio-Tos Short-winged Mole Cricket Native Mole Cricket Gryllotalpa hexadactyla Perty S. abbreviatus Scudder (=S. acletus Rehn & Hebard)

Mole cricket damage to bermudagrass.

Native (northern) mole cricketSouthern mole cricket Tawny mole cricketShortwinged mole cricket

Native Mole CricketTawny Mole Cricket Southern Mole CricketShortwinged Mole Cricket

Mole Cricket Management Schedule March - April Map Course for Adult Activity Visual rating Grid rating (numbers must be "calibrated") (based on experience) (where adults tunnel and break surface is where eggs will be laid or PREVIOUS RECENT HISTORY OF DAMAGE MAY BE USED)

Mole Cricket Management Schedule May - June Nymph Target Applications Monitor - Soap Flush Treatments Sprays (young nymphs most likely where spring adult activity was located) Subsurface

Mole Cricket Management Schedule July - September Large Nymph Scouting (may occur in places not treated earlier or where poor control) Monitor - Soap Flush Treatments Sprays Baits

Mole Cricket Management Schedule October - December Map Lawns for Activity Visual rating Grid rating (large nymphs and adults tunnel and break surface) Treatments Sprays Baits Nematodes ??

Mole Cricket Pesticides (curative) acephate (Orthene) carbaryl (Sevin) trichlorfon (Dylox, Proxol) fipronil (Chipco Choice) slit-placement only (by contract applicator, not lawns)

Mole Cricket Pesticides (curative) bifenthrin (Talstar) cyfluthrin (Tempo) lambda-cyhalothrin (Scimitar) permethrin (Astro)

Mole Cricket Pesticides (preventive) imidacloprid (Merit) fipronil (Chipco Choice) slit-placement only (by contract applicator, golf only)

Merit is most effective when applied between start of egg laying and egg hatch. Adult female mole cricket eggs are yellow when ready to be laid. Sample adults in April and May to look for egg development. Immature eggs on left, mature eggs on left.

Occurrence of Target Lawn Insect Pests AprilMayJuneJulyAugustSept C G C SWW C CB/a C BB/a C Aph-prv C SWW C CB/n C G-prv C BB/l C Aph-prv C CB/n-sup C G C SWW C CB/n C G-prv C BB/l C Aph-prv C CB/n-sup C G C SWW C CB/n&a C G-prv C BB/a C Aph-prv C CB/n-sup C G C SWW C CB/a C G-prv C BB/a C BB/l-prv C Aph-prv C CB/n-sup C G C SWW C CB/a C G-prv C BB/a C BB/l-prv C Aph-prv C CB/n-sup

controlled with CONSERVE ® Occurrence of Target Lawn Insect Pests AprilMayJuneJulyAugustSept C G C SWW C CB/a C BB/a C Aph-prv C SWW C CB/n C G-prv C BB/l C Aph-prv C CB/n-sup C G C SWW C CB/n C G-prv C BB/l C Aph-prv C CB/n-sup C G C SWW C CB/n&a C G-prv C BB/a C Aph-prv C CB/n-sup C G C SWW C CB/a C G-prv C BB/a C BB/l-prv C Aph-prv C CB/n-sup C G C SWW C CB/a C G-prv C BB/a C BB/l-prv C Aph-prv C CB/n-sup

Occurrence of Target Lawn Insect Pests AprilMayJuneJulyAugustSept C G C SWW C CB/a C BB/a C Aph-prv C SWW C CB/n C G-prv C BB/l C Aph-prv C CB/n-sup C G C SWW C CB/n C G-prv C BB/l C Aph-prv C CB/n-sup C G C SWW C CB/n&a C G-prv C BB/a C Aph-prv C CB/n-sup C G C SWW C CB/a C G-prv C BB/a C BB/l-prv C Aph-prv C CB/n-sup C G C SWW C CB/a C G-prv C BB/a C BB/l-prv C Aph-prv C CB/n-sup controlled with MACH2 ®

Occurrence of Target Lawn Insect Pests AprilMayJuneJulyAugustSept C G C SWW C CB/a C BB/a C Aph-prv C SWW C CB/n C G-prv C BB/l C Aph-prv C CB/n-sup C G C SWW C CB/n C G-prv C BB/l C Aph-prv C CB/n-sup C G C SWW C CB/n&a C G-prv C BB/a C Aph-prv C CB/n-sup C G C SWW C CB/a C G-prv C BB/a C BB/l-prv C Aph-prv C CB/n-sup C G C SWW C CB/a C G-prv C BB/a C BB/l-prv C Aph-prv C CB/n-sup controlled with MERIT ®