American and Russian

 Students will: 1) Learn the history of manned space flight 2) Be to state the objectives of important space programs (Apollo, Soyuz, the Space Shuttle and the ISS (International Space Station)

 Students will show their understanding of Learning goals by: 1) Naming early Russian and American missions. 2) Stating the mission profile for the Apollo moon landing missions. 3) Stating the purpose of the Space Shuttle and Space Stations. 4) Discussing the Canadian contribution to the ISS.

 The Right Stuff – The development of the American Space Program and the Early Space Race with the Soviet Union.  Apollo 13 – A mission considered both the greatest failure and greatest triumph in the American space program at that time. Great insight into the Apollo space program.

 Vostok 1 – Cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin makes the first manned space flight on April 12, 1961  6 total missions prior to June 1963  Valentina Tereshkova becomes the first woman in space in Vostok 6.  Single occupant spacecraft  All missions are orbital flights  Vostok 4 and 5 fly in formation in 1963  Vostok 5 spends 5 days in space  Launched from the Baikonur Cosmodrome in what is now Kazakhstan. Craft make landing on land in Kazakhstan.

 Alan B. Sheperd becomes the 1 st American in Space on May 5, 1961 (sub-orbital mission)  7 missions (5 are orbital) up to 1963  Cooper (in Mercury 9) makes 22 orbits in a 34-hour mission  Single astronaut  Launched from Cape Canaveral (Kennedy) in Florida. Splash down in the ocean

 First missions with a multi-person crew  October 12, 1964 Voshkod 1 enters space with a 3-man crew. The spacecraft is so small the cosmonaut wear no spacesuits and experience “space sickness”  Voshkod 2 lands so far from its target it takes a 2-day rescue mission to find the 2-man crew. This is the last Voshkod mission.  The Russians do not return to space for 3 years after the Voshkod missions.

 2-man missions designed to prepare for the missions to the moon – docking procedures, spacewalks and long duration flights.  10 missions in 1965 and Most carry future Apollo astronauts  Ed White makes the first spacewalk in Gemini-Titan 4  Americans dock the Gemini spacecraft with the unmanned Agena craft and take missions of up to 13 days.

 Has been used in over 60 missions since it was first developed in 1967  This spacecraft has gone through constant upgrades and includes 2 and 3 man craft  Cosmonaut Komarov becomes the first person to die in a spaceflight in Soyuz 1  This craft has docked with space stations and even made a docking with an Apollo spacecraft  Conducted long duration missions

 Goal: Landing astronauts on the moon  3-man missions – 2 spacecraft – Command Module (CM) and the Lunar Excursion Module (LEM)  Apollo 7 – 10 prepared for the first moon landing – tested the Saturn V rocket and the lunar module  Apollo 11 – first moon landing – July 20, Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin (Michael Collins piloted the CM)  Apollo-12 - good 24 minute video.

1) 3-stage launch to boosts the 3-man Apollo space craft into orbit. 2) The “Boost Protective Cover” is released and the Command Module (CM) docks with the Lunar Module (LEM) and pulls it from its protected location. 3) The Command Module (with the Service Module still attached for propulsion) propels both craft until they reach lunar orbit. 4) 2 astronauts enter the LEM, detach from the CM and land on the moon.

5) Astronauts exit the LEM and explore the moon. The Lunar Rover was unpacked from Apollo’s 15 to 17 for greater exploration. 6) The upper part of the LEM takes off from its base and meets the Service Module in orbit. /watch?v=4S-_9WqwuRU /watch?v=4S-_9WqwuRU

7) The 2 astronauts re-enter the Command Module and jettison the LEM. 8) The Command Module returns to Earth. 9) Before entering Earth’s atmosphere, the Command Module jettisons the Service Module and rotates to place its heat shield towards the atmosphere. 10) The CM enters the atmosphere, opens its parachutes and “splashes down” in the ocean.

Apollo 16 Lunar Rover Footage

1) With the objective of landing an astronaut on the moon conquered, NASA turned its attention to developing a spaceship that could land on Earth like a plane and be re-used for multiple missions 2) Another purpose of this Shuttle would be to launch satellites for commercial and military purposes and even to repair them if needed. 3) The Shuttle would be also be used to deliver astronauts and materials to build the largest orbital space station ever constructed - the International Space Station.

 The first Shuttle was launched in  Over the course of the next 30 years, there were 135 launches using 5 different shuttles (Columbia, Challenger, Discovery, Atlantis and Endeavor).  Each Shuttle was designed for 100 missions.  The Shuttles were used to deploy satellites, fix satellites (including the Hubble Space Telescope), carry materials and personnel to the ISS and conduct scientific missions.  Due to the costs of the program, the Space Shuttles were decommissioned in 2011.

 The “Space Plane” with its cargo bay doors open. The Shuttle could carry 7 astronauts, satellites and cargo and employed the original Canadarm.  The bottom of the Shuttle was coated with a heat-shield made of tiles that would protect the ship on re-entry into the atmosphere.

 Length Space Shuttle: 184 feet Orbiter: 122 feet Height Orbiter on runway: 57 feet Wingspan 78 feet Liftoff Weight* 4.5 million pounds Orbit 115 to 400 statute miles Velocity: 17,321 mph

 The underside of the Space Shuttles were coated with heat- resistant tiles to protect the spacecraft from burning up on re- entry into the atmosphere. The picture at left gives an indication of the Space Shuttle upon re-entry.

 Two of NASA greatest tragedies have occurred with the Space Shuttles. Both disasters caused the program to be delayed for over a year while changes wee made.  On January 28, 1986, Challenger exploded 73 seconds after take-off killing 7 astronauts. A seal in the external tank was to blame.  On February 1, 2003 disintegrated on re- entry killing 7. Damage to the heat shield lead to the shuttles destruction. 0jo 0jo

Salyut, Sky Lab, Mir and the International Space Station.

 Studies in engineering, biology, human health, astronomy and the military have been conducted in a series of space stations  The USSR sent several small Salyut stations into orbit in the 1970’s and 80’s. The stations had military and civilian purposes.  Meanwhile the Americans sent the massive Skylab station into orbit in 1973 and was in use until It was later burned up in re-entry in 1979 (with pieces landing in Australia)

 The Russians sent the equally large Mir (meaning Peace) station into orbit in 1986 where it remained in use until 2000 and burned on re- entry in  It was the first “modular” space station and generally supported crews of 3 for durations as long as 438 days.  Cosmonauts from around the world including 7 Americans (who came via the Space Shuttle) spent time in Mir.  This lead to the development of the International Space Station. Damage during docking in 1997 ultimately led to the decommissioning of Mir.

 Sixteen nations are involved in building and supporting the International Space Station  Construction began on the ISS in 1998 with the robotic Proton launch of the Russian module Zarya.  Two weeks later, US module UNITY was launched aboard Space Shuttle Endeavour (STS-88) and attached to Zarya via multiple EVA’s. (EVA = extra-vehicular activity)  All 159 subsequent modules, arrays, truss segments and other various components were delivered by Space Shuttles up through June 2011, and connected by various astronauts and cosmonauts over a whopping 1,020 hours of spacewalks!

 The International Space Station is maintained at an orbital altitude of between 330 to 435 km.  The ISS has an acre of solar arrays to provide power.  With the installation of the final solar arrays, the ISS is now about equal to the length of a football field.  The ISS weighs over 435 tonnes.  The ISS has been continually occupied since October 30, 2000 with a minimum of at least two occupants!  Since that first crew in November of 2000, there have been 35 long-duration Expeditions.

 The Canadian Space Agency’s (CSA) major contribution to the ISS are the robotic are the robotic construction, maintainence and capture components including the Canadarm, Dextre and the Mobile Base System (MBS).  The Canadarm2 is a 17m long robotic arm. The Canadarm2 is routinely used to move supplies, equipment and even astronauts.  As well as supporting the Station’s maintenance and upkeep, it is responsible for performing "cosmic catches," the capturing and docking of unpiloted spacecraft that carry everything from science payloads to necessities for the 6-person crew on board the ISS. The Canadarm2 capturing the SpaceX Dragon - a privately owned spacecraft designed to deliver supplies and astronauts to the ISS

 Dextre is the most sophisticated space robot ever built  Dextre is a space handyman whose role is to perform maintenance work and repairs like changing batteries and replacing cameras outside the ISS.  Dextre will reduce the amount of risky spacewalks.  Dextre can ride on the end of Canadarm2 to move from worksite to worksite on the Mobile Base.  The Mobile Base System provides a moveable work platform and storage facility for astronauts during space walks.  The Mobile Base System (MBS) can move equipment by sliding along a track system mounted along the entire width of the Station. Above: Dextre and below the MBS on its track moving both the Canadarm2 and Dextre

 The picture at right shows members of the ISS crew working in the Columbia module designed by the ESA to conduct studies in Astronomy.  Since the decommissioning of the Space Shuttle program, all astronauts have been sent and returned via the Soyuz spacecraft (seen below after landing in Kazakhstan)

 The first Canadian to go into space was Marc Garneau on STS- 41G (Space Shuttle Mission 41G) in  The first Canadian woman in space was Roberta Bondar who was on STS-42 in  Julie Payette was the first Canadian to board the ISS in  9 Canadians have been in space, with the notable recent tour by Chris Hadfield who was commander of the ISS during a 5-month mission in Above: Marc Garneau and Julie Payette Below: Roberta Bondar and Chris Hadfield

 The Chinese have orbited a small space station named Tiangong-1. The first Chinese astronauts known as Taikonauts have made 2 visits to the station. Plans are made to orbit a large ISS-like station called Tiangong-3 by  Private companies have entered the space race as governments have made large cutbacks in funding. Bigelow Aerospace is intent on launching the “inflatable” Genesis space station in the near future.  The American company SpaceX has built the Dragon spacecraft which has delivered payloads to the ISS already. The Dragon will be used to carry astronauts into space in the near future.

 The Chinese Shenzhao craft docking with Tiangong-1. At left are single and connected modules of the Genesis-1 Space Station.

 What issues will face astronauts of the future?  What has been learned from extended missions in space? (International Space Station)  Do we have the technology?  What non-science issues do we face?

 CQ-w (PBS - Nova with Neil Degrasse-Tyson) (52:45) CQ-w  rEDyCo0ao (History Channel - 44:25) rEDyCo0ao  Short Video of possible Mars Mission to land unmanned explorer. FtY (6:45) FtY

1) Loss of bone mineral density 2) Loss of muscle mass and strength (despite exercise)