The Dynamics of Mass Communication Joseph R. Dominick Seventh Edition

Part 4 Specific Media Professions

Chapter 14 Advertising

Defining Advertising non- personal paid for identified sponsor. Simply defined, advertising is any form of non- personal presentation and promotion of ideas, goods, and services usually paid for by an identified sponsor.

Advertising Functions Advertising fulfills four basic functions in society: serves as a marketing function -- helps companies sell products or services advertising is educational -- people learn about new or improved products or services advertising plays an economic role -- encourages new competition and lower prices it performs a social function -- helps increase productivity and raises the standard of living

Advertising can be classified several ways target audience specific people to whom product appeals consumer advertising goods and services for personal use business-to-business products for business use geographic focus targets specific geographical regions purpose advertising designed to accomplish a distinct goal primary demand promotes product category, not specific brand selective demand promotes a particular product or service brand direct action adpromotes direct, short-term feedback indirect action ad promotes long-term brand recognition

A Brief History of Advertising Advertising, in a variety of forms, dates to antiquity. The first serious and repeated ads appear shortly after Gutenberg’s invention of moveable type in the form of handbills, posters, and periodicals. Most newspaper advertising continued to look more or less like crowded classified ads until the 18 th century. Ben Franklin improved the look of ads in his newspapers by using more white space and attractive fonts.

A Brief History of Advertising A Brief History of Advertising (Con’t) With the advent of mass production in the 1800s came the parallel need for mass consumption and mass markets. That rapid consumer evolution became most apparent after the Civil War ended, helped along in large part because... railroads linked the continent, and linked manufacturers with consumers U.S. population doubled (more consumers) new media (telephone, typewriter, high-speed printing press, motion pictures, national magazines, photography, and rural mail delivery) increased communication potential people now had more money to spend on new products

A Brief History of Advertising A Brief History of Advertising (Con’t) Demand for advertising expertise quickly gave rise to the advertising agency. Radio networks make national ads a reality in 1920s. The Great Depression and WW II slow advertising industry growth down during the 1930s, 1940s. From that time on, advertising content and appeal generally reflects the prevailing mood of the country.

ORGANIZATION OF THE CONSUMER ADVERTISING INDUSTRY Three components of the advertising industry: ADVERTISERS national – emphasis on brand names, product, service local – emphasis on prices, sales, local stores Anyone in charge of advertising must: plan the ads, deciding how and where they will appear budget appropriate funds for advertising coordinate ads with departments within the company supervise any outside agency handling the ad account

ORGANIZATION OF THE CONSUMER ADVERTISING INDUSTRY ORGANIZATION OF THE CONSUMER ADVERTISING INDUSTRY (Con’t) AGENCIES full-service agency: handles all phases of the ad campaign media buying service: buys, resells, monitors TV/radio slots creative boutique: creates imaginative ad campaigns

ORGANIZATION OF THE CONSUMER ADVERTISING INDUSTRY ORGANIZATION OF THE CONSUMER ADVERTISING INDUSTRY (Con’t) MEDIA Advertisers evaluate media under four criteria, deciding which ones will give them the best results for their marketing goals: reachhow many people can get the message? frequencyhow often will the message be received? selectivitywill the medium reach the right people? efficiencywhat’s the cost to reach a certain number of people (expressed in cost per thousand)?

Evaluating Potential Ad Media CharacteristicsPapersMagazineRadioTVNetMail ReachHighLowHigh Med.High Frequency LowHigh Med. SelectivityLowHigh Med.High CostMed. LowHighMed.High

Advertising Online Online advertising is a new and rapidly evolving ad medium, one that provides a wide range of creative outlets. banner ads free-link exchange ads sponsored chat room and bulletin boards campaigns product and service-specific web sites

Four Typical Operational Departments of an Advertising Agency creative services creative services people who create the ads account services account services client-agency liaison staff marketing services marketing services suggest appropriate media administration administration routine business operations

Six Steps of an Advertising Campaign campaign A campaign consists of any number of ads, each stressing the same major theme or appeal that appear in a number of media over a specified time. Here are six typical phases: choosing the marketing agency selecting the main appeal or theme translating the theme into the various media producing the ads buying space and time executing and evaluating the campaign

Advertising Research Ad research goes on during all phases of the campaign to help agencies and clients make informed decisions about the direction and efficiency of their strategies and tactics formative researchdone before campaign starts to help guide creative efforts audience definingidentifies audience’s demographics audience profilingidentifies attitudes, motivation, lifestyles message research stage 1:pre-test ads for clarity, understanding stage 2:screen ad prototypes and refine ads tracking studiesevaluate post-campaign effects

ADVERTISING ECONOMICS About $215 billion was spent on advertising in the United States in Television and newspapers accounted for almost half the total amount spent Agency Compensation: Three common methods C ommissionsmedia give agencies 15% commission on time and space they buy from media; though in transition, most common payment method. Agency chargesfees added from agency’s production costs Feesservices such as research, focus groups, market analysis--types of services not traditionally covered by commission

Business-to-Business Advertising Though the low-profile side of the ad industry, business-to- business ads still rang up $150 billion in sales in There are four main categories of B2B advertising:. Trade. Tradegoods and services to wholesalers, retailers. Industrial. Industrialitems used in production of goods, services. Professional. Professionalservices aimed at doctors, nurses, teachers. Agricultural. Agriculturalgoods and services aimed at farmers

Consumer vs. Business Advertising Target audience in business advertising is much smaller. Most advertised business products tend to be technical, complicated, and high priced. Business buyers will be professional purchasing agents, basing purchases on reason and research. Personal on-site selling plays a much greater role in the business sector.

Business Advertising Media Business advertising’s targets are much narrower than the consumer market, so a mix of highly selective media, usually magazines, works best. Two usual formats: horizontal magazines horizontal magazines aimed at particular job function without regard to the industry vertical magazines vertical magazines covers all levels and interests within an entire single industry

Business Advertising Appeal Business ad copy tends to be long, fact filled, detailed, technical, accurate, and complete, with little, if any, emotional appeal, yet business buyers pay very close attention to these ads and place a premium on data accuracy and completeness. Some of the most common business ad formats are testimonials, case histories, new-product news, and demonstrations

Advertising End of Chapter 14 Advertising