Biochemical Mechanism of Magnesium Mark H. Whitney, Jeffrey S. Knott, and Jayne L. Kalbfleisch

Central Nervous System STRESS CRF- Corticotropin Releasing Factor ACTH-Adrenocorticotrophic Hormone Adapted from Classen and Porta, 1996.

Hypothalamus CRF Pituitary Central Nervous System STRESS CRF- Corticotropin Releasing Factor ACTH-Adrenocorticotrophic Hormone Adapted from Classen and Porta, 1996.

Hypothalamus CRF Pituitary ACTH Adrenal Cortex Central Nervous System STRESS CRF- Corticotropin Releasing Factor ACTH-Adrenocorticotrophic Hormone Adapted from Classen and Porta, 1996.

ACTH Adrenal Cortex

ACTH cAMP Concentrations Adrenal Cortex

ACTH cAMP Concentrations 20, 22 Lyase Activation Adrenal Cortex

ACTH cAMP Concentrations 20, 22 Lyase Activation Cortisol Synthesis Adrenal Cortex

ACTH cAMP Concentrations 20, 22 Lyase Activation Cortisol Synthesis Glycogen Release Adrenal Cortex Liver

Hypothalamus CRF Pituitary ACTH Adrenal Cortex Central Nervous System Cortisol Liver Glycogen STRESS CRF- Corticotropin Releasing Factor ACTH-Adrenocorticotrophic Hormone Adapted from Classen and Porta, 1996.

Hypothalamus CRF Pituitary ACTH Adrenal Cortex Central Nervous System Cortisol Liver Glycogen Muscle Glycogen STRESS CRF- Corticotropin Releasing Factor ACTH-Adrenocorticotrophic Hormone Adapted from Classen and Porta, 1996.

Hypothalamus CRF Pituitary ACTH Adrenal Cortex Adrenal Medulla Central Nervous System Cortisol Liver Glycogen Muscle Glycogen STRESS CRF- Corticotropin Releasing Factor ACTH-Adrenocorticotrophic Hormone Adapted from Classen and Porta, 1996.

Hypothalamus CRF Pituitary ACTH Adrenal Cortex Adrenal Medulla Central Nervous System Cortisol Liver Glycogen Muscle Glycogen Epinephrine Muscle Glycogen STRESS CRF- Corticotropin Releasing Factor ACTH-Adrenocorticotrophic Hormone Adapted from Classen and Porta, 1996.

Epinephrine ATP cAMP Adapted from Coffee, Adenylate cyclase

Epinephrine ATP cAMP Protein Kinase A Phosphorylase Kinase P Adapted from Coffee, Adenylate cyclase

Epinephrine ATP cAMP Protein Kinase A Phosphorylase Kinase P Glycogen Phosphorylase P Adapted from Coffee, Adenylate cyclase

Epinephrine ATP cAMP Protein Kinase A Phosphorylase Kinase P Glycogen Phosphorylase P P Glycogen Glucose-1- phosphate Adapted from Coffee, Adenylate cyclase

Epinephrine ATP cAMP Protein Kinase A Phosphorylase Kinase P Glycogen Phosphorylase P P Glycogen Glucose-1- phosphate GLYCOLYSIS Adapted from Coffee, Adenylate cyclase

Hypothalamus CRF Pituitary ACTH Adrenal Cortex Adrenal Medulla Central Nervous System Cortisol Liver Glycogen Muscle Glycogen Epinephrine Muscle Glycogen STRESS CRF- Corticotropin Releasing Factor ACTH-Adrenocorticotrophic Hormone Adapted from Classen and Porta, 1996.

Hypothalamus CRF Pituitary ACTH Adrenal Cortex Adrenal Medulla Central Nervous System Cortisol Liver Glycogen Muscle Glycogen Epinephrine Muscle Glycogen STRESS CRF- Corticotropin Releasing Factor ACTH-Adrenocorticotrophic Hormone Adapted from Classen and Porta, 1996.

Nervous Stimulation Adapted from Coffee, 1998.

Sarcoplasmic Reticulum Ca

Nervous Stimulation Ca 2+ Adapted from Coffee, 1998.

Nervous Stimulation Ca 2+ Troponin-C Ca 2+ Adapted from Coffee, 1998.

Nervous Stimulation Ca 2+ Troponin-C Ca 2+ Muscle Contraction Adapted from Coffee, 1998.

Nervous Stimulation Ca 2+ Troponin-C Ca 2+ Muscle Contraction Lactic Acid pH Adapted from Coffee, 1998.

Nervous Stimulation Ca 2+ Troponin-C Ca 2+ Muscle Contraction Phosphorylase kinase-Ca 2+ Lactic Acid pH Adapted from Coffee, 1998.

Nervous Stimulation Ca 2+ Troponin-C Ca 2+ Muscle Contraction P Glycogen Phosphorylase Phosphorylase kinase-Ca 2+ Glycogen Phosphorylase Lactic Acid pH Adapted from Coffee, 1998.

Nervous Stimulation Ca 2+ Troponin-C Ca 2+ Muscle Contraction P Glucose-1- phosphate Glycogen Phosphorylase Phosphorylase kinase-Ca 2+ Glycogen Phosphorylase Glycogen GLYCOLYSIS Lactic Acid pH Adapted from Coffee, 1998.

Nervous Stimulation Ca 2+ Troponin-C Ca 2+ Muscle Contraction P Glucose-1- phosphate Glycogen Phosphorylase Phosphorylase kinase-Ca 2+ Glycogen Phosphorylase Glycogen GLYCOLYSIS Ca 2+ -calmodulin-protein kinase Lactic Acid pH Adapted from Coffee, 1998.

Nervous Stimulation Ca 2+ Troponin-C Ca 2+ Muscle Contraction P Glucose-1- phosphate Glycogen Phosphorylase Phosphorylase kinase-Ca 2+ Glycogen Phosphorylase Glycogen GLYCOLYSIS Ca 2+ -calmodulin-protein kinase Glycogen Synthase P Lactic Acid pH Adapted from Coffee, 1998.

Nervous Stimulation Ca 2+ Troponin-C Ca 2+ Muscle Contraction P Glucose-1- phosphate Glycogen Phosphorylase Phosphorylase kinase-Ca 2+ Glycogen Phosphorylase Glycogen GLYCOLYSIS Ca 2+ -calmodulin-protein kinase Glycogen Synthase P Lactic Acid pH Adapted from Coffee, Glycogen Storage

Hypothalamus CRF Pituitary ACTH Adrenal Cortex Adrenal Medulla Central Nervous System Cortisol Liver Glycogen Muscle Glycogen Epinephrine Muscle Glycogen STRESS CRF- Corticotropin Releasing Factor ACTH-Adrenocorticotrophic Hormone Mg inhibits Adapted from Classen and Porta, 1996.

Hypothalamus CRF Pituitary ACTH Adrenal Cortex Adrenal Medulla Central Nervous System Cortisol Liver Glycogen Muscle Glycogen Epinephrine Muscle Glycogen STRESS CRF- Corticotropin Releasing Factor ACTH-Adrenocorticotrophic Hormone Mg inhibits Adapted from Classen and Porta, 1996.

Hypothalamus CRF Pituitary ACTH Adrenal Cortex Adrenal Medulla Central Nervous System Cortisol Liver Glycogen Muscle Glycogen Epinephrine Muscle Glycogen STRESS CRF- Corticotropin Releasing Factor ACTH-Adrenocorticotrophic Hormone Mg inhibits Adapted from Classen and Porta, 1996.

Nervous Stimulation Adapted from Coffee, 1998.

Sarcoplasmic Reticulum Ca Mg Ca Mg

Nervous Stimulation Ca 2+ Troponin-C Ca 2+ P Glucose-1- phosphate Glycogen Phosphorylase Phosphorylase kinase-Ca 2+ Glycogen Phosphorylase Glycogen GLYCOLYSIS Ca 2+ -calmodulin-protein kinase Glycogen Synthase P Muscle Contraction Adapted from Coffee, 1998; Fry and Hall, 1996.