1 Alternatives…. arol Jones, PhD, PE, Oklahoma State University Stored Products Research and Education Center Carol Jones, PhD, PE, Oklahoma State University Stored Products Research and Education Center Missouri Fumigation Training January 10 – 11, 2010 We have…..

2 We have…Alternatives Missouri Fumigation Training January 10 – 11, 2010 Reasons for alternative methods for controlling insects…maintaining grain quality Insect resistance Customer request (organics, social, marketing) Environmental concerns Safety Governmental regs

3 We have…Alternatives Missouri Fumigation Training January 10 – 11, 2010 Methods… Aeration Ozone Heat Treatment Ethylene….”Apple Gas”

What does aeration do? Little insect reproduction occurs below 60F Eggs are controlled at 40F 40F is tough to do in some areas So fumigation is still required but can be reduced Carol Jones, PhD. Stored Product Engineering Biosystems and Ag. Engr. Dept.

5 We have…Alternatives Missouri Fumigation Training January 10 – 11, 2010 Little insect reproduction occurs below 60F Eggs are controlled at 40F 40F is tough to do in some areas So fumigation is still required but can be reduced

6 You have…Alternatives Missouri Fumigation Training January 10 – 11, 2010

Electrical Generation of Ozone Attractive alternative Eliminates some of the concerns –No residues because degradation product is oxygen –No transportation of product –No storage issues

Objectives Determine the effectiveness of ozone fumigation on six stored product pests in a grain mass of wheat under field conditions during the month of October, the traditional time during storage when grain is fumigated in Oklahoma

Experimental Protocol Conducted in October 2007 Steel grain bins contained 13.6 metric tons of hard red winter wheat One bin treated; one bin control Grain was poor quality because of extreme wet conditions at end of growing season

Ozone Generator OZAT Model CFS-3A Operated at 30 g/hr Produced three targeted ozone concentrations of 25, 50, and 70 ppm within the bin

Ozone Introduced into Bin Through a 6.4 mm tube from generator just upstream of fan into a 10.2 cm pipe connected to the aeration fan transition into the bottom of the bin Axial fan moved 0.21 cubic meters/sec of air/ozone through grain mass Ozone concentration decreased as it moved through the grain mass

Insect Sampling Tubes Tubes of 10.2 cm diameter were inserted into bins at depths corresponding to targeted ozone levels Ozone rose through the tubes to come in contact with bags containing insects A recirculation system was used to recover ozone exiting the top of the grain mass and then injected back into the bottom of the bin through a closed loop system Ozone concentrations monitored every 8 hrs

Rhyzopertha dominica Lesser Grain Borer Plodia interpunctella Indianmeal Moth Tribolium castaneum Red Flour Beetle Sitophilus oryzae Rice Weevil Oryzaephilus surinamensis Sawtoothed Grain Beetle Insects Evaluated Cryptolestes ferrugineus Rusty Grain Beetle

Insect Samples 7.0 x 10.2 cm cotton muslin tea bags with drawstring Bags placed in bins for 1, 2, 3, and 4 days exposure Beetle adults and P. interpunctella larvae were assessed upon removal All grain particles and dust placed in g glass jars and held at 28°C P. interpunctella eggs evaluated after 1 week and pupae after 2 weeks Beetle progeny counted at 2 and 4 weeks

Percent Mortality for P. interpunctella (Indian Meal Moth) Eggs Pupae Larvae

Percent Mortality Mean No. Progeny Eggs R. dominica: LGB S. oryzae: rice weevil

Percent Mortality Mean No. Progeny Eggs R. dominica S. oryzae T. castaneum: Red flour beetle T. castaneum C. ferrugineus: Rusty Grain Beetle C. ferrugineus

Percent Mortality Mean No. Progeny O. surinamensis: Sawtoothed grain beetle

Eggs and larvae of Indianmeal Moth were only moderately controlled and pupae were the most sensitive to ozone treatments Overall, adult beetle mortality increased with increasing time of exposure although 100% mortality was only realized for Rice Weevil and Red Flour Beetle Total suppression of progeny production was only seen for Red Flour Beetle at the high ozone concentration To obtain total control, either the ozone concentration should be increased or the time of exposure increased We have…Alternatives Missouri Fumigation Training January 10 – 11, 2010

Using Heat to Disinfest Concrete Silos Missouri Fumigation Training January 10 – 11, 2010

Using Heat to Kill Insects Attractive alternative Eliminates some of the concerns –No residues –No transportation of product; heat generated on-site –No storage issues of dangerous chemicals –Shorter down-time Missouri Fumigation Training January 10 – 11, 2010

Day 1 Heat Day 3 Control Day 3 Heat Day 2 Control Day 2 Heat Day 1 Control Bin Selection for Heating Study

Rhyzopertha dominica Lesser Grain Borer Tribolium castaneum Red Flour Beetle Insects Evaluated Psocids

Percent Survival of RFB Adults

Percent Survival of LGB Adults

Progeny Production of RFB

Progeny Production of LGB

Percent Adult Survival of L. decolor

Percent Adult Survival of L. corrodens

Propane Usage Average of 76 gallons propane per 99’ silo Cost per gallon was $3.00 on May 1, 2008 Total cost per silo was $ –Equivalent phosphine pellets to treat silo 4,000 – 18,000 pellets per silo $ $ based on a cost of $300 per case of 21 flasks of pellets Missouri Fumigation Training January 10 – 11, 2010

41 We have…Alternatives Missouri Fumigation Training January 10 – 11, 2010 Ethylene “apple gas” Background and idea ANG in Afghanistan Early testing Killed insects Predictions

42 We have…Alternatives Missouri Fumigation Training January 10 – 11, 2010 Manage through IPM Identify your insects Keep informed of new methods being tested and results

43 We have…Alternatives arol Jones, PhD, PE, Oklahoma State University Stored Products Research and Education Center Carol Jones, PhD, PE, Oklahoma State University Stored Products Research and Education Center Missouri Fumigation Training January 10 – 11, 2010 Questions