Review Renaissance and Reformation

Renaissance Renaissance = “rebirth”  Began in Italian City-States  Revival of Commerce and Town Building was more intense in Italy  Feudalism had less of a grip on Italy  Presence of antiquity was stronger in Italy than elsewhere in Europe

Renaissance Renaissance = “rebirth”  Humanism a program of study based on the “classics” = ancient Greece and Rome  Petrarch – father of humanism  Civic Humanism - use classical education for the public’s good  Revival of Ancient Latin and Greek allowed ancient text to be translated

Heritage of Humanism  Improved command of Latin  Restored Greek language/learning  Developed new ways to study ancient world.  Used past to illustrate human behavior and find moral examples.  Reformed education

Renaissance Art  Artist as individuals, not craftsmen New Techniques - Painting  Fresco – wet plaster  Oil Painting  Chiaroscuro – contrast light and dark to create 3D images  Single Point Perspective

Renaissance Art Architecture  Classical Motifs (Greek and Rome) -Columns, Domes

Renaissance Art Late Renaissance  Mannerism -Distorted images and confusing themes -Reflect growing religious and political crises in Italy

Leonardo Da Vinci  “Renaissance Man” -Architect, sculptor, engineer, inventor, painter scientist

Raphael  School Of Athens – links renaissance with the past  Single point perspective

Michelangelo  David -Masterpiece  Sistine Chapel -Ceiling represents High Renaissance, Altar Represents Late Renaissance style

Northern Renaissance Northern Humanist  Desiderius Erasmus  Criticized the Church In Praise of Folly  Emphasized inner faith as opposed to outer worship  Sir Thomas Moore  Utopia critical of contemporary society  All property should be held in common

Northern Renaissance Art  Influenced by Italian Renaissance  Albrecht Durer – woodcuts  Geoffrefy Chaucer- Canterbury Tales  William Shakespeare

Northern Renaissance Printing Press  Johannes Gutenberg Effects  Cheaper to produce books  Increase in literacy  New ideas spread faster

Reformation John Wycliffe  Questioned wealth of church  Miracle of transubstantiation  Indulgences  Urged followers to read and interpret bible for themselves  “Lollards”

Reformation Jan Hus  Horrified by immorality of clergy  Urged that who congregation should be given the cup during communion  Called before Council of Constance  Burned at the stake as a heretic  Followers staged a rebellion

Reformation Martin Luther  Protested the selling of indulgences  Posted 95 Theses  Quickly spread via printing press  Diet of Worms- banned him and his works from HRE  Questioned papal authority, sacraments, monasticism, celibacy of clergy  Had several children

Reformation Peace of Augsburg  Legalized Lutheranism in areas ruled by Lutherans

Reformation Anabaptist  Denied infant baptism Ulrich Zwiligi  Denied all of the sacraments John Calvin  Predestination of the soul  No free will

Reformation English Reformation  Henry VIII wanted a divorce  Made head of Church of England

Counter Reformation Council of Trent  Educate clergy  End selling of church offices  Upheld traditional Catholic teachings  Baroque Art - more intensely religious than mannerist style