The Renaissance Primavera by Botticelli

The Italian Renaissance Renaissance means “rebirth” or revival Renaissance means “rebirth” or revival Began in Italy Began in Italy Lasted from Lasted from The classics from Greece and Rome were revived The classics from Greece and Rome were revived Art, literature, learning Art, literature, learning Spread throughout Europe Spread throughout Europe Began in HMA rather than distinct “break” Began in HMA rather than distinct “break” Palazzo Della Signoria in Florence, Italy

Features of the Renaissance Rediscovery of Greco-Roman civilization Rediscovery of Greco-Roman civilization Emphasized reason, questioning, experimentation and free inquiry (in contrast to MA faith, authority, tradition) Emphasized reason, questioning, experimentation and free inquiry (in contrast to MA faith, authority, tradition) Glorified the individual & worldly pleasures Glorified the individual & worldly pleasures Viewed life as worthwhile for its own sake, not just in preparation for the afterlife Viewed life as worthwhile for its own sake, not just in preparation for the afterlife Focus on secular (worldly) society, not just religious affairs Focus on secular (worldly) society, not just religious affairs Great works of art, literature, and science Great works of art, literature, and science

Characteristics of the Italian Renaissance Urban society Urban society Secular-worldly Secular-worldly Recovery from the disasters of the 14 th century Recovery from the disasters of the 14 th century Black Death Political disorder Economic recession New view of human beings and individual ability New view of human beings and individual ability Siena, Italy Piazza del Campo

Why Italy? Failed to unite under one monarchy; separate, independent city-states; urban society Failed to unite under one monarchy; separate, independent city-states; urban society Center of Greco-Roman world – had sculpture, buildings, roads, manuscripts that excited curiosity about heritage Center of Greco-Roman world – had sculpture, buildings, roads, manuscripts that excited curiosity about heritage Located on Mediterranean – absorbed stimulating ideas from Byzantine & Muslim worlds Located on Mediterranean – absorbed stimulating ideas from Byzantine & Muslim worlds Benefited from revival of trade that resulted from Crusades Benefited from revival of trade that resulted from Crusades Wealthy, influential patrons of the arts Wealthy, influential patrons of the arts

The Italian States: Milan 14 th century-Visconti family – great wealth and power over Lombardy 14 th century-Visconti family – great wealth and power over Lombardy Last Visconti dies in 1447 Last Visconti dies in 1447 Francesco Sforza (condottiere-leader of a band of mercenaries) conquers Milan and becomes duke Francesco Sforza (condottiere-leader of a band of mercenaries) conquers Milan and becomes duke Built a strong, centralized state Built a strong, centralized state Efficient tax system Efficient tax system Duomo in Milan, Italy

The Italian States: Venice Grew wealthy from trading Grew wealthy from trading Small group of merchant- aristocrats ran the government on behalf of their own interests Small group of merchant- aristocrats ran the government on behalf of their own interests Trade empire brought enormous revenues Trade empire brought enormous revenues Became an international power Became an international power San Marco in Venice, Italy

The Italian States: Florence The preeminent Renaissance city The preeminent Renaissance city Medici family amassed a fortune in wool trade Medici family amassed a fortune in wool trade Cosimo and later Lorenzo (the magnificent) de Medici were outstanding patrons of the arts Cosimo and later Lorenzo (the magnificent) de Medici were outstanding patrons of the arts Powerful and influential family Powerful and influential family Duomo in Florence, Italy

Machiavelli Wrote The Prince Wrote The Prince Concerned with political power and how to get it and keep it Concerned with political power and how to get it and keep it Rejected the MA view that rulers behave on Christian, moral values Rejected the MA view that rulers behave on Christian, moral values Must understand human nature Must understand human nature A ruler acts on behalf of the state, therefore, he should let his own conscience sleep A ruler acts on behalf of the state, therefore, he should let his own conscience sleep Profound influence on political leaders in the Western world Profound influence on political leaders in the Western world The end justifies the means The end justifies the means Machiavelli

Other Literary Figures Cervantes – Spanish, Don Quixote, ridiculed medieval society, especially knighthood Cervantes – Spanish, Don Quixote, ridiculed medieval society, especially knighthood Shakespeare – English, poet and playwright; used sonnets, dramatic techniques to probe historical events (Romeo & Juliet, Hamlet, Julius Caesar, Macbeth, Midsummer Night’s Dream) Shakespeare – English, poet and playwright; used sonnets, dramatic techniques to probe historical events (Romeo & Juliet, Hamlet, Julius Caesar, Macbeth, Midsummer Night’s Dream)

The Making of Renaissance Society: Clergy and Nobility Clergy & Nobility held most power; 10% Clergy & Nobility held most power; 10% Castiglione describe the perfect noble in his work The Book of the Courtier Castiglione describe the perfect noble in his work The Book of the Courtier Born, not made Born, not made Work to be a warrior Work to be a warrior Have a classical education Have a classical education Standards of conduct Standards of conduct Serve his prince in an effective and honest way Serve his prince in an effective and honest way Isabella d’Este Pietro Medici

The Making of Renaissance Society: Peasants and Townspeople About 90% of the population About 90% of the population Serfdom declined and more peasants were becoming free Serfdom declined and more peasants were becoming free Townspeople were divided also Townspeople were divided also Patricians-wealthy traders, industry, and banking- dominated communities Patricians-wealthy traders, industry, and banking- dominated communities Burghers-shopkeepers, artisans, guild members- middle class Burghers-shopkeepers, artisans, guild members- middle class Impoverished-unemployed, pitiful wages, 30-40% pop. Impoverished-unemployed, pitiful wages, 30-40% pop. Moneychanger and his Wife by Quentin Massys

The Making of Renaissance Society: Family and Marriage Parents carefully arranged marriages to strengthen business or family ties Parents carefully arranged marriages to strengthen business or family ties Details were worked out when children were 2 or 3 years old Details were worked out when children were 2 or 3 years old Legally binding Legally binding Dowry- money given by the wife’s family to the husband upon marriage Dowry- money given by the wife’s family to the husband upon marriage Father was the center of family Father was the center of family Children became adults when they were legally freed Children became adults when they were legally freed Mother’s role was to supervise the household Mother’s role was to supervise the household The Marriage of the Virgin by Raphael

Italian Renaissance Humanism Humanism was an intellectual & literary movement based upon the study of the classics Humanism was an intellectual & literary movement based upon the study of the classics Humanists studied the liberal arts - grammar, rhetoric, poetry, philosophy, mathematics, history Humanists studied the liberal arts - grammar, rhetoric, poetry, philosophy, mathematics, history Concerned w/everyday human problems Concerned w/everyday human problems Reflected the values of urban society Reflected the values of urban society

Humanists Petrarch – father of humanism; studied classics and wrote in Latin; sonnets expressed love and appreciation of nature Petrarch – father of humanism; studied classics and wrote in Latin; sonnets expressed love and appreciation of nature Erasmus – Dutch, Praise of Folly, ridiculed superstition, prejudice, upper class privilege & church abuses; encouraged thoughts of reform Erasmus – Dutch, Praise of Folly, ridiculed superstition, prejudice, upper class privilege & church abuses; encouraged thoughts of reform Sir Thomas More – Utopia, an ideal society, free from war, injustice, poverty, ignorance Sir Thomas More – Utopia, an ideal society, free from war, injustice, poverty, ignorance

Education in the Renaissance Gutenberg (bible) – moveable type; changes the world Gutenberg (bible) – moveable type; changes the world Humanists wrote books and opened schools based on their ideas Humanists wrote books and opened schools based on their ideas History, Philosophy History, Philosophy Rhetoric, Poetry Rhetoric, Poetry Astronomy Astronomy Music Music Mathematics Mathematics Some women did attend humanists schools Some women did attend humanists schools Johannes Gutenberg Gutenberg’s Printing Press

Vernacular Language Vernacular (national) language spoken in their own regions Vernacular (national) language spoken in their own regions Began to compete with Latin Began to compete with Latin Eventually replaced it Geoffrey Chaucer’s Canterbury Tales Geoffrey Chaucer’s Canterbury Tales Dante’s Divine Comedy Dante’s Divine Comedy Boccaccio’s The Decameron (plague) Boccaccio’s The Decameron (plague) Rabelais – Pantagruel & Gargantua (comedy) Rabelais – Pantagruel & Gargantua (comedy)

The Artistic Renaissance in Italy Self Portrait by Leonardo da Vinci Dome of the Duomo in Florence by Brunelleschi Branccaci Tributo fresco by Masaccio

The Artistic Renaissance in Italy Frescoes - paintings done on fresh, wet plaster with water based paints Frescoes - paintings done on fresh, wet plaster with water based paints Mosaccio Mosaccio Figures had the illusion of being three dimensional Figures had the illusion of being three dimensional Two major achievements Two major achievements Perspective Perspective Movement and human anatomy Movement and human anatomy Architects were inspired by the buildings of ancient Rome (San Lorenzo) Architects were inspired by the buildings of ancient Rome (San Lorenzo) School of Athens by Raphael Interior of San Lorenzo by Brunelleschi

The Artistic Renaissance in Italy Mastery of techniques for a realistic portrayal of the world Mastery of techniques for a realistic portrayal of the world DaVinci dissected human bodies to study anatomy DaVinci dissected human bodies to study anatomy Glorified the human body Glorified the human body Ideal Renaissance Man Ideal Renaissance Man Pieta By Michelangelo Rome, Italy Ospedale degli Innocenti Designed by Brunelleschi Florence, Italy

The Artistic Renaissance in Italy The Last Judgement By Michelangelo Sistine Chapel Rome, Italy

The Artistic Renaissance in Italy The Sistine Chapel Ceiling by Michelangelo

Italian Artists cont. Giotto – religious themes Giotto – religious themes Donatello – sculptor; copied ancient Greeks Donatello – sculptor; copied ancient Greeks DaVinci – the ideal Renaissance man DaVinci – the ideal Renaissance man Painter, sculptor, architect, engineer, musician, scientist Painter, sculptor, architect, engineer, musician, scientist Self-Portrait, The Last Supper, The Mona Lisa Self-Portrait, The Last Supper, The Mona Lisa

DaVinci’s The Last Supper

Italian Artists cont. Michelangelo – painter, sculptor, poet, architect Michelangelo – painter, sculptor, poet, architect Sistine Chapel, The Pieta (shown previously) Sistine Chapel, The Pieta (shown previously) Titian – portraits; the Assumption of the Virgin Titian – portraits; the Assumption of the Virgin Raphael – tranquil beauty in religious works – the Sistine Madonna Raphael – tranquil beauty in religious works – the Sistine Madonna Titian – Assumption of the Virgin

Raphael’s Sistine Madonna

The Northern Artistic Renaissance Skilled in painting details Skilled in painting details Did not fully understand perspective Did not fully understand perspective Jan Van Eyck- Flanders; oils Jan Van Eyck- Flanders; oils Albrecht Durer - Germany – painter & metal & wood engraver Albrecht Durer - Germany – painter & metal & wood engraver Jan Van Eyck Giovanni Arnolfini and his Bride Albrecht Durer

Northern Artists cont. Rembrandt – Dutch, lights and shadow, life of common people Rembrandt – Dutch, lights and shadow, life of common people The Night Watch, The Anatomy Lesson The Night Watch, The Anatomy Lesson Holbein – German – lifelike portraits of famous people Holbein – German – lifelike portraits of famous people Rembrandt’s The Anatomy Lesson

Botticelli’s The Birth of Venus Breughel’s Children’s Games

Durer’s Self Portrait Durer’s Adoration of the Magi

Raphael’s Self Portrait Van Eyck’s Madonna….

The Reformation

Reformation Typical medieval question: What must I do to be saved? Typical medieval question: What must I do to be saved? Martin Luther and others have a different answer to this question than what the Catholic Church believed. Martin Luther and others have a different answer to this question than what the Catholic Church believed. Eventually creates a complete break with the Catholic Church and destroys religious unity in the Western Christian World. Eventually creates a complete break with the Catholic Church and destroys religious unity in the Western Christian World.

Background Christian Humanism (or humanism) had already begun changes Christian Humanism (or humanism) had already begun changes People could REASON and improve themselves People could REASON and improve themselves Desiderius Erasmus – should live good daily lives rather than focus on being saved Desiderius Erasmus – should live good daily lives rather than focus on being saved Praise of Folly – criticized church abuses, wanted reform not to destroy church Praise of Folly – criticized church abuses, wanted reform not to destroy church

Problems Popes involved in politics; less spiritual Popes involved in politics; less spiritual Spent $ on art, architecture (St. Peter’s Basilica) Spent $ on art, architecture (St. Peter’s Basilica) Held multiple positions in church (pluralism), absenteeism, neglected religious jobs. Held multiple positions in church (pluralism), absenteeism, neglected religious jobs. *Indulgences – could “pay” for forgiveness *Indulgences – could “pay” for forgiveness *Relics – bones, objects, etc. of saints *Relics – bones, objects, etc. of saints

Martin Luther Entered monastery; studies Bible Entered monastery; studies Bible CC (Catholic Church) said both faith and good deeds are need for salvation CC (Catholic Church) said both faith and good deeds are need for salvation ML believed humans could never do enough good deeds to achieve this ML believed humans could never do enough good deeds to achieve this Not saved by good works but through FAITH in God, made possible through sacrifices of Jesus. Not saved by good works but through FAITH in God, made possible through sacrifices of Jesus. Salvation by faith alone – chief teachings of Protestant Reformation; Bible is chief guide Salvation by faith alone – chief teachings of Protestant Reformation; Bible is chief guide

Luther cont. Posted “95 Theses” to Church door at Wittenberg (Germany) Posted “95 Theses” to Church door at Wittenberg (Germany) Attacked indulgences, rituals, etc. Attacked indulgences, rituals, etc. Excommunicated in 1521 Excommunicated in 1521 Charles V – Holy Roman Emperor calls ML before legislature (Reichstag) in Worms Charles V – Holy Roman Emperor calls ML before legislature (Reichstag) in Worms Luther does not recant Luther does not recant Sentenced to be burned at stake Sentenced to be burned at stake

Luther cont Hidden by supporters, returns 4 years later Hidden by supporters, returns 4 years later Set up new services to replace Catholic mass, marries Set up new services to replace Catholic mass, marries Charles V troubled by war w/France Charles V troubled by war w/France 1555 – Peace of Augsburg – the division of the Church is now complete 1555 – Peace of Augsburg – the division of the Church is now complete Could choose Lutheran or Catholic (but not really tolerant of each other) Could choose Lutheran or Catholic (but not really tolerant of each other)

New Protestant Groups Switzerland – Ulrich Zwingli Switzerland – Ulrich Zwingli Zwinglianism – extreme changes; religious images abolished, paintings removed, no mass, (instead scripture readings, prayer, sermons), no monasteries, pilgrimages, pope’s authority rejected Zwinglianism – extreme changes; religious images abolished, paintings removed, no mass, (instead scripture readings, prayer, sermons), no monasteries, pilgrimages, pope’s authority rejected Conflict – Zwingli killed, burned Conflict – Zwingli killed, burned

New Protestant Groups cont. John Calvin – Calvinism (also Switzerland) John Calvin – Calvinism (also Switzerland) Very similar to Luther but absolute sovereignty of God Very similar to Luther but absolute sovereignty of God Predestination – already determined if you were to be saved or damned Predestination – already determined if you were to be saved or damned To be sure, lived good, pious (religious) life To be sure, lived good, pious (religious) life Spread quickly Spread quickly

England Split occurs for political not religious reasons Split occurs for political not religious reasons King Henry VIII (Tudor Family) wanted annulment from wife #1 (Catherine of Aragon); daughter Mary; no male heir King Henry VIII (Tudor Family) wanted annulment from wife #1 (Catherine of Aragon); daughter Mary; no male heir Wants to marry Anne Boleyn Wants to marry Anne Boleyn Grants annulment but Parliament breaks with Church Grants annulment but Parliament breaks with Church Act of Supremacy – King is head of church – seized lands and sold! Act of Supremacy – King is head of church – seized lands and sold! Marries #2 Anne Boleyn, has girl (Elizabeth) Marries #2 Anne Boleyn, has girl (Elizabeth)

Henry VIII cont. Anne Boleyn beheaded (adultery) Anne Boleyn beheaded (adultery) #3 – Jane Seymour – finally a male heir (Edward VI); she dies in childbirth #3 – Jane Seymour – finally a male heir (Edward VI); she dies in childbirth #4 – Anne of Cleves – arranged marriage based on portrait. When he saw her, he divorced her #4 – Anne of Cleves – arranged marriage based on portrait. When he saw her, he divorced her #5 – Catherine Howard – beheaded #5 – Catherine Howard – beheaded #6 – Catherine Parr – she outlives him #6 – Catherine Parr – she outlives him

England cont. Edward VI (his only son); sickly, becomes king at age 9 Edward VI (his only son); sickly, becomes king at age 9 Allows clergy to marry Allows clergy to marry Mary (from 1 st marriage) staunchly Catholic Mary (from 1 st marriage) staunchly Catholic “Bloody Mary” – married to Phillip II Spain (Europe’s “most Catholic King”) “Bloody Mary” – married to Phillip II Spain (Europe’s “most Catholic King”) Burned 300 Protestant churches Burned 300 Protestant churches Had reverse effect – England becomes more Protestant Had reverse effect – England becomes more Protestant

King Henry VIII Of England Portrait by Hans Holbein

“Bloody Mary” – Daughter of Henry VIII and Catherine of Aragon

Phillip II Of Spain

Edward VI – son Of Henry VIII & Jane Seymour

Queen Elizabeth England – child of Henry VIII and Ann Boleyn

Other Protestants Anabaptists Anabaptists Christians are a voluntary community of believers Christians are a voluntary community of believers Therefore adults should be baptized not children Therefore adults should be baptized not children All members are equal All members are equal Complete separation of Church and state (radical) Complete separation of Church and state (radical) Thou shall not kill – literally Thou shall not kill – literally Extremists- hated by Catholics & Lutheran Extremists- hated by Catholics & Lutheran

Impact of Reformation Clergy can marry so family becomes highly important Clergy can marry so family becomes highly important Women’s holy vocation – bear children Women’s holy vocation – bear children Abolished indulgences, relics & saints, pilgrimages, monasteries, celibacy Abolished indulgences, relics & saints, pilgrimages, monasteries, celibacy Catholic Church loses some power Catholic Church loses some power

Catholic (Counter)Reformation To regain authority of Catholic Church To regain authority of Catholic Church Jesuits – (Ignatius Loyola) – absolute devotion to the Church; missionaries to spread faith Jesuits – (Ignatius Loyola) – absolute devotion to the Church; missionaries to spread faith Reformed papacy – corruption, finances, involvement in politics, etc. Reformed papacy – corruption, finances, involvement in politics, etc. Council of Trent – Reaffirmed traditional Catholic teachings Council of Trent – Reaffirmed traditional Catholic teachings Strong and ready to do battle for souls! Strong and ready to do battle for souls!