The Renaissance World History Chapter 15

A New Beginning  Renaissance – means “rebirth”  Self conscious revival of classic civilization and sense of creating something  Scholars wanted to revive classical civilizations  Viewed humans as 3 dimensional  Emphasis was on secular (spiritual) aspects of life  Individualism and versatility: important aspects of the Renaissance spirit

Humanism  Humanism – means classical scholarship (studied original Latin or Greek manuscripts)  Educational reform put greater emphasis on classical scholarship  Dante Alighieri wrote The Divine Comedy  Leonardo da Vinci painted The Last Supper and the Mona Lisa  Michelangelo painted The Last Judgment in the Sistine Chapel

Dante Alighieri wrote Divine Comedy

Da Vinci’s Last Supper

Da Vinci’s Mona Lisa

Michelangelo's Last Judgment

Humanism continued…  Humanism began to spread north  Central figure of Humanism: Johann Reuchlin  Reuchlin was a German scholar that helped spread the influence of Humanism after he visited Italy  See VIDEO (approx 3 minutes)VIDEO

Lutherans  Martin Luther: born in 1483  Planned to be a lawyer  Studied the bible; became a monk instead  Determined that faith alone not indulgences (which are pardons from punishment of sin as a way for the pope to raise money) was whether you were going to heaven or not  Was told by Pope Leo X to recant but he refused and Luther was declared a heretic, was excommunicated, and was declared an outlaw by Charles V of the HRE

The selling of indulgences. These people are paying a fee in order to receive a pardon for the sins they have committed.

Martin Luther’s reply when asked if he wanted to recant any of his ideas or works: "Unless I am convicted by scripture and plain reason - I do not accept the authority of the popes and councils, for they have contradicted each other - my conscience is captive to the Word of God. I cannot and I will not recant anything for to go against conscience is neither right nor safe. God help me. Amen."

Lutherans continued…  Luther translated the New Testament from Latin to German  Followers of Luther became known as Protestants because they protested the church  Many common people supported Protestantism because you didn’t have to pay for it and you can have a direct relationship with God

Lets talk about sects baby…  Many new sects (or religious groups) formed after Luther  Other sects that followed: 1.Baptists – Believers are baptized vs babies baptized 2.Church of England/Anglicans (English Protestants) – started because Henry VIII wanted a divorce 3.Calvinism – started by John Calvin (who followed Luther’s ideas but instead believed in predestination, or God has already determined your fate)

French Protestant John Calvin

Church reaction  Catholic church finally realized how much of a threat Protestantism was to their institution  Started the counter-Reformation  Tried to appoint only very devout and religious people as bishops and cardinals  Pope Paul III – began the Inquisition (punished heretics by burning them at the stake)

“Baptism by fire”

Pope Paul III Device used in the Roman Inquisition

Council of Trent A gathering of clergymen that determined policy and procedures for the church Banned the sale of indulgences Put more rules on the clergy Emphasized ceremonies to honor God Forgiveness came only from the church and had faith for salvation Determined policy on Catholic views on scripture, original sin, baptism, sacraments, and the Eucharist

The Council of Trent

Scientific Discoveries Witchcraft – belief in magic that led to science searching for answers to secrets (scientific method); started a science revolution Notable names: 1.Copernicus – sun was the center of the universe, not Earth 2.Johannes Kepler – helped proved Copernicus’ ideas 3.Galileo – invented the telescope 4.Rene Descartes – in science, must prove everything 5.Isaac Newton – laws of motion and gravity

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