Bellwork In your notes, write down three major reasons why English settlers settled in the new world. What effect did these new settlements have on two primary groups: Native Americans and Africans?

American History Section 5, Unit 3 Post-Restoration Colonies

Objectives Explain the formation of several new colonies in the Americas including The Carolinas, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, and Georgia Identify geographic regions of these new colonies and identify differences between the colonies Discuss trade and the effect of the Glorious Revolution on newfound colonies

Restoration In an earlier lesson we briefly discussed English Civil War and Oliver Cromwell becoming in new leader of England. However, by 1660, Oliver Cromwell died and the monarchy was reestablished in England. This new monarchy caused another wave of colonization, as colonies became eager to trade with Europe.

The Carolinas The new king, Charles II, awarded those who supported him new grants of land. In 1663, he gave eight supporters a charter for a colony between Virginia and Spanish Florida.

The Carolinas (cont.) The colony was later called Carolina in the kings honor. – “Carolina” derives from the Latin meaning “Charles”. The colony would later be split into North and South Carolina and, overtime, the crown would take control of the colonies as the owners proved to be incompetent governors.

The Carolinas (cont.) In North Carolina, many settlers from the Chesapeake established small farms. The forests provided naval stores (products to make soap, paint, etc), fur, and skins that the settlers could trade.

The Carolinas (cont.) In South Carolina, many settlers came from Barbados in the Caribbean Sea. They and the few slaves they brought with them raised cattle, cut timber, and traded with Native Americans.

The Carolinas (cont.) Some settlers tried to grow rice, but failed initially. The slaves, however, learned the proper cultivation techniques and, because of their knowledge, the slave owners were able to transform the swampy coastal region into profitable rice plantations.

Population The port town of Charleston, SC attracted many immigrants, including European Jews, West Indians, Germans, and Irish--- many of whom were attempting to escape religious persecution. In South Carolina, the demand for plantation workers was so great that by 1720, African slaves made up about 70% of the population.

Task System On plantations, slaves had little contact with whites. As a result, they kept more African traditions than those in other areas– including their language. Slaves on rice plantations worked according to the task system: each day, slaves were assigned particular duties and once they completed those duties, they were free to tend small plots of land and raise livestock.

Slaves Some slaves were so successful they would trade with whites or work for other citizens. Overtime, many bought their own freedom. However, slave-owners would soon become to fear the outnumbering of them to (free) slaves and would pass harsh slave codes.

New York Besides awarding his supporters, Charles II wanted to cripple Dutch trading interests. The Dutch West India Company, had a strong fur trade and a colony along the eastern seaboard between Massachusetts and Virginia. Their colony, New Netherland (later renamed New York), included the Hudson River valley and Manhattan Island.

New York Although New Netherland was successful, the Dutch West India Trading Company had little luck attracting Dutch settlers. The company did attract others, including: English, French, Huguenots (French protestants), Swedes, Jews, and free Africans. Colonists also purchased enslaved Africans in the region. By 1750, blacks made up about 20% of New York’s population.

New York Most settlers in the area considered their governors to be inept. Consequently, they refused to defend the colony when the English fleet sailed into the harbor in 1664 and demanded that the Dutch hand over New Netherland. Without a shot being fired, the colony’s governor, Peter Stuyvesant, surrendered to the English.

New York and New Jersey Charles II made his brother, James the Duke of York, the proprietor of New Netherland. James kept part of the colony– renamed New York, and gave the rest– New Jersey– to two friends.

Geography of New York and New Jersey Mass. Virginia Iroquois League

Pennsylvania In 1681, Charles II repaid money he owed to Sir William Penn (for his military services), by post- humorously making his son, William Penn proprietor of a large tract of land near New York. Penn’s holdings increased the following year when the Duke of York gave him the area known as Delaware.

Goals of Pennsylvania Penn wanted to make his colony, which the king named Pennsylvania, a haven for fellow Quakers. – Persecuted by the Church of England and Puritans alike, the Quakers had no formal clergy, opposed warfare, and ignored class privileges.

Goal of Pennsylvania Penn also wanted the territory to be a “Holy Experiment” where people of different nationalities and religious beliefs could shape their own lives and live peacefully together. He extended his policy to Native Americans, paying them for their lands and treating them fairly.

Prosperity While Penn was deeply religious, he knew that he needed money for the territory. To recruit colonists, he published pamphlets in English, Dutch, and German to attract immigrants.

Prosperity Pennsylvania attracted thousands of poor immigrants who made the crossing in cramped ships. – Those who survived the voyage, however, found cheap, fertile land and a mild climate. – Pennsylvania farmers produced a surplus of grain and other goods. The people living in Pennsylvania were able to buy English goods and luxuries.

Georgia While Pennsylvania was a “holy experiment”, Georgia was a social experiment. The last British colony to be established on the southern frontier, almost a century after Jamestown, Georgia was planned as a colony to give the English poor a fresh start.

James Oglethorp James Oglethorp founded the Geogia colony in hopes that he could produce a successful colony from the English poor. The English Parliament also supported the measure believing that it would remove the poor from the streets of London..

Problems with the Georgia Colony Georgia was also meant to act as a buffer between South Carolina prosperous plantations and Spanish Florida The social experiment mostly failed. Oglethorp was only willing to accept the most “virtuous and industrious” poor. Very few debtors qualified, and the colony attracted few settlers because of it’s rigid rules.

Rules Oglethorp created a variety of rules including: – Prohibitions against rum and slavery – Oglethorp wanted to avoid the “sin of drunkenness” and believed that slavery would only make the slave owners lazy themselves. Colonists opposed the rules and, reluctantly, the founders allowed slavery into the colony. Despite that, the colony did not prosper and the European population by 1760 only reached 6,000.

Georgia Colony The pink area is the original Georgia territory, which expanded over time.

Activity #1 Activity #1- Please take a fill in map and color the regions as you see in the following picture to the right. You can choose whatever color you want, but the colors have to match the areas of: New England, Middle, and Southern Colonies (you may also simply label the colonies as well).

Activity #2 Please read the handout, “Major Differences Between the Colonies”. As a group (each table) please write down at least 3 differences in each colony regarding any of the following: religion, geography, social classes, and slavery. – Make sure to explain each difference you mention with no less than 2 sentences. – Be prepared to discuss as a class. – Make sure everyone’s name is on the paper.

Trade Many of the new colonies relied on an old form of economics: mercantilism. – Mercantilists held that a nation’s power is measured by it’s stock of gold and silver. – The best way for a nation to obtain wealth was to maintain a favorable balance of trade: to export goods more than they import goods.

Trade However, most nations had to be relatively self-sufficient be able to export more than they import. The colonies would provide a source of raw materials and as a ready market for goods from the homeland (in this case, England).

Trade (cont.) Mercantilist ideas had the support of the merchant class, which was well represented in England’s Parliament. In 1651, the Parliament began passing a series of laws– the Navigation Acts– to promote the “wealth, safety, and strength of [England]”. In part, these acts were designed to increase English merchants profits by limiting direct trade between the English colonies and other European nations.

Navigation Acts The acts required that European goods destined for the colonies be routed through England and that all products from the colonies– including tobacco, cotton, sugar, and naval stores– go only to England or to destinations within the English empire.

Question Prior to the Navigation acts, colonies could trade with essentially any other entity they wanted. Now that they are being limited, how do you think the colonies are going to be affected?

Resentment Southern Colonists, who produced many different goods, resented the restrictions because they cut into profits. However, the North supported the acts because they built ships and most were merchants, rather than producers themselves. – Timber was cheaper in America than in England, so American shipbuilders were able to build 1/3 of all British ships by the 1770’s.

Reactions The Lords of Trade (a committee established to oversee the colonies of the Crown) sent customs agents to enforce the Acts. The colonists were often uncooperative.

Massachusetts Massachusetts, for example, declared that it was exempt from the English restrictions on trade. – Many colonies in the New England area also stated the same, both on the grounds of their religion and the status of their charter (Plymouth, for example, was never formally chartered) which gave them certain freedoms. In response, England revoked Massachusetts’ charter in 1684.

King James II In 1685, Charles II died and the former Duke of York, James, became king. He ordered the Lords of Trade to organize the Northern Colonies into the Dominion of New England.

King James II After establishing the Dominion of New England, James II put the dominion under the control of Sir Edmund Andros, who quickly angered the colonists by: – (1) raising taxes – (2) abolishing the Massachusetts General Court (Mass. Legislature)

King James II (cont.) James II was no more popular in protestant England, where he flaunted his Catholicism. His habit of ruling by decree also angered the Parliament (who he is supposed to turn to when making decisions). In 1688, the Protestant opposition staged a bloodless revolution: The Glorious Revolution.

Glorious Revolution James’ daughter, Mary and her husband, William of Orange, were invited by the Parliament to overthrow James II. William led an army into London in 1688 and, when James was unable to rally support (because he was so unpopular), he fled to France.

Effect of the Glorious Revolution To avoid future abuses of power, Parliament, enacted a Bill of Rights of 1689 which included what a ruler could not do: – Not suspend Parliaments laws – Not levy taxes without Parliament support – No interfering with freedom of speech in Parliament – No penalty for a citizen who petitions the king about grievances The Bill of Rights also granted some rights to citizens, including regular free elections.

Colonies reactions The Colonies used the Glorious Revolution as chance to rid themselves of unpopular officials. Protestants in Maryland got rid of wealthy Catholic officials and Massachusetts officials sent Andros back to England.

Colonist Reactions The New York militia ousted the dominions lieutenant governor. William and Mary, as new rulers, also broke of the Dominion of New England and restored the representative assemblies. – However, the Navigation Acts still remained in place.

Effect of the Glorious Revolution The Glorious Revolution also helped cause the Enlightenment, as the revolution gave way to the belief that ruler-ship came from the consent of the ruled, not from God. This would have a long lasting effect in both England and America, as new discoveries science and philosophy began to make people question the world around them.

Questions If you have any questions, please feel free to ask now.

Review 1.How were slaves in the Carolina’s different from those elsewhere in terms of their culture? 2.What effect did the Glorious Revolution have on the colonies? 3.Pennsylvania wanted to created a “holy experiment” by allowing various faiths and backgrounds into the territory. How was this different than the Puritan colonies of Massachusetts? 4.What was the purpose of the Georgia Colony? Was it successful? Why or why not? 5.How did the concept of Mercantilism help lead into the Navigation Acts? 6.Why did both colonists and English citizens dislike King James II? 7.Why did the South oppose the Navigation Acts? Why did the North support them?

Next Lesson In the next lesson, we are going to discuss westward expansion and issues that existed at the time.