Chapter 1 Computer History, Fundamentals, and Operating Systems

2 Objectives Understand Computers: Yesterday, Today, and Tomorrow Identify Computer Fundamentals Recognize Operating Systems and Their Functions Utilize Standalone Operating Systems Use System Utilities

3 Understand Computers: Yesterday, Today, and Tomorrow Word processor: An application used to create documents and automatically check spelling and grammar in a document Internet: A connected system of computers used to search for information Online banking: An Internet application provided by a bank to conduct banking operations via the Internet Online classes: Instruction offered over the Internet, using learning management software

4 Understand Computers: Yesterday, Today, and Tomorrow GPS systems: Computing devices that provide driving directions from a current location to a destination entered ATM: Automatic teller machine enabling financial transactions in public places Mobile telephone: Telecommunication device with features such as Internet connectivity

5 Identify Computer Fundamentals A computer is a electronic device that performs the four basic operations that comprise the information processing cycle (IPOS): Input, Processing, Output, and Storage Input: The action of entering data Processing: The manipulation of the input data Output: The display of the information Storage: The action of saving information for later use

6 Identify Computer Fundamentals Computer system: Collection of related components (hardware and software) that work together to accomplish a task Hardware: Physical components of the computer and its related devices Software: Programs that enable the computer’s hardware to run the application software

7 Identify Computer Fundamentals System unit: The base unit of the computer Motherboard: A circuit board connecting the central processing unit (CPU) with other system components CPU: Acts as the brain of the computer Peripheral devices: Components outside the system unit that are connected physically or wirelessly to the system (examples: keyboard, mice, monitors)

8 Identify Computer Fundamentals Application software: Programs that direct the computer to carry out a task (examples: document processing or playing a game) System software: Programs that enable the computer’s hardware to work with and run the application software

9 Identify Computer Fundamentals Information: Data organized in a useful manner Algorithm: Series of steps a computer program uses to perform a task Memory: A device where information can be stored and retrieved

10 Identify Computer Fundamentals Memory chip: Integrated circuit devoted to memory storage Random Access Memory (RAM): Temporarily stores the programs and data with which the CPU is interacting Storage device: Hardware that retains data even when machine is turned off Secondary storage (Examples: Universal Serial Bus [USB] flash drive or CD)

11 Identify Computer Fundamentals Communications: High-speed exchange of information within and between computers or other communications devices Communications device: Connects computer to a network, allowing communication Examples: -Modem -Network interface card (NIC)

12 Recognize Operating Systems and Their Functions Booting: The process of loading the operating system into memory Cold boot: Starting a computer that has not yet been turned on Warm boot: Restarting a computer that is already on

13 Recognize Operating Systems and Their Functions Restarting a computer

14 Recognize Operating Systems and Their Functions Six steps to starting a computer:

15 Recognize Operating Systems and Their Functions Kernel: The central part of the operating system that manages memory, files, and devices; launches applications; and allocates system resources from hard disk to RAM memory Memory resident and remains in RAM Nonresident: Less frequently used portions of the operating system stored on the hard disk

16 Recognize Operating Systems and Their Functions Sleep state: Transfers the current state of computer to RAM Hibernate state: Saves battery power Hybrid sleep state: Combines sleep and hibernate

17 Recognize Operating Systems and Their Functions Activate BIOS and Setup Program BIOS: Basic input/output system POST: Power on self-test

18 Recognize Operating Systems and Their Functions

19 Recognize Operating Systems and Their Functions Account: User name, password, and allotted storage space Multitasking operating systems: Permit more than one application to run at the same time and can manage multiple applications running simultaneously

20 Recognize Operating Systems and Their Functions

21 Recognize Operating Systems and Their Functions Access Windows Task Manager by pressing Ctrl + Alt + Del, select the Start Task Manager option, and then click the Processes tab Paging: The process of transferring files from the hard disk to RAM and back

22 Recognize Operating Systems and Their Functions

23 Recognize Operating Systems and Their Functions

24 Recognize Operating Systems and Their Functions Syntax: Set of rules for entering commands

25 Recognize Operating Systems and Their Functions Windows Operating Systems Timeline

26 Recognize Operating Systems and Their Functions Microsoft Windows 7: Was released in late 2009 and is available in six different versions: Starter, Home Basic, Home Premium, Professional, Enterprise, and Ultimate Includes features to make your system and its components simpler

27 Recognize Operating Systems and Their Functions

28 Recognize Operating Systems and Their Functions MAC OS: Original Macintosh operating system MAC OS X Snow Leopard: Released in 2009, occupies up to 50 percent less RAM than the previous version Linux: Freeware operating system for personal computers

29 Use System Utilities System utilities: Programs that work in tandem with the operating system and perform services that keep the computer system running smoothly

30 Use System Utilities Antivirus software: Protects a computer from computer viruses File manager: Helps organize and manage the data stored on disk Disk scanning program: Detects and resolves physical and logical problems that can occur when your computer stores files on a disk

31 Use System Utilities Bad sector: Portion of the disk that is unable to store data reliably Disk cleanup utility: Improves system performance and increases storage by removing files, but does not correct any problems

32 Use System Utilities Disk defragmentation program: Program that reorganizes data on the disk so that file pieces are reassembled as one chunk of disk space, which decreases search time File compression utility: Enables the exchange of programs and data efficiently by reducing the size of a file

33 Use System Utilities Archive: Single file that contains two or more files stored in a compressed format along with additional information Windows Update: Keeps the operating system up to date with fixes; also called service packs Boot disk: A storage device

34 Use System Utilities Safe mode: Operating mode in which Windows loads a minimal set of drivers known to function correctly

35 Covered Objectives Understand Computers: Yesterday, Today, and Tomorrow Identify Computer Fundamentals Recognize Operating Systems and Their Functions Utilize Standalone Operating Systems Use System Utilities

36 Next lecture

37 Next Lecture System Components, Input /Output Devices, and Storage Devices

38 Thank you