Chapter Sixteen South and Southeast Asia Prepared by Kelly Donahue-Wallace Randal Wallace University of North Texas Gardner's Art through the Ages, Concise Edition by Fred Kleiner

South Asia Dates and Places: 2600BCE to 1857CE Indian subcontinent People: Cultural diversity Indus civilization Buddhism, Hinduism, Islam Lion capital from a column erected by Ashoka, ca. 250 BCE. Fig

South Asia Themes: Deities of Buddhism and Hinduism Scenes from the Mughal court Temples Forms: Idealized figures Yakshi, Great Stupa, Sanchi, mid-first century BCE to early first century CE. Fig

South Asia Example: Indus civilization Planned cities Harappa, Mohenjo- Daro Seal for trade goods Main image is animal Figure seated in yogic position, meditation Seal with seated figure in yogic posture, Mohenjo-Daro, ca. 2300– 1750 BCE. Fig

South Asia Example: Kushan Dynasty Important Buddhist monastery Stupa for relics of Buddha Form based on burials Three-dimensional mandala Circumambulation to worship, enclosed space Diagram and view, Great Stupa, Sanchi, third century BCE to first century CE. Fig

South Asia Example: Kushan Dynasty Stories from the life of Buddha Early figural representation, narrative of path to enlightenment Attributes: ushnisha, urna, halo Roman influence? Life and death of the Buddha, Gandhara, second century CE. Fig

South Asia Example: Gupta Period Standarization of Buddha’s image Eyes downcast, hands make Wheel- turning gesture Indian version of idealized form For temple, not stupa Seated Buddha preaching first sermon, Sarnath, second half of fifth century. Fig

South Asia Example: Post-Gupta Period Hindu relief sculpture on stone tower temple Vishnu dreams the universe into reality Gupta-style: smooth bodies, clinging drapery Vishnu asleep on the serpent Ananta, Vishnu Temple, early sixth century. Fig

South Asia Example: Early Medieval India Kings build Hindu temples Temple to Shiva Towers over halls (mandapas) Mountain symbolism Mathematical proportions Vishvanatha Temple, Khajuraho, ca Fig

South Asia Example: Relief sculpture on temple dedicated to Shiva Images of deities and humans Yakshis and amorous couples Reference to life, protection Mithuna reliefs, Vishvanatha Temple, Khajuraho, ca Fig

South Asia Example: Mughal Empire Muslim prince Akbar Story of life of prince Court painting workshop Strength and good rule of prince Form to communicate event’s chaos BASAWAN and CHATAR MUNI, Akbar and the Elephant Hawai, Akbarnama, ca Fig

South Asia Example: Mughal Empire Painted miniature Famous artist Allegorical portrait of emperor, receiving mystic, artist, European emmissary Symbols of power BICHITR, Jahangir Preferring a Sufi Shaykh to Kings, ca. 1615–1618. Fig

South Asia Taj Mahal, 1632–1647. Fig

South Asia Example: Mughal Empire Muslim monumental tomb for empress Dome-on-cube, illusion of weightlessness Iranian garden pavilion plan Throne of God? Taj Mahal, 1632–1647. Fig

Southeast Asia Themes: Temples Deities Forms: Stone construction Regional taste Walking Buddha, Sukhothai, 14th century. Fig

Southeast Asia Example: Cambodian Hindu temple Complex of temples and palaces For Khmer king, image of king as god Tower symbol of Mt. Meru, shorter towers Galleries to walk Angkor Wat, first half of 12th century. Fig