Ancient Greece

Geography  Greece comprised of peninsula, 2000 islands, eastern edge Aegean  Land  Very mountainous! (3/4 covered w/ mountains)  Travel hard  Led small, independent city states  Little fertile land  Result small population  Lacked natural resources  “Greeks did not live on land, but around a sea.”  Mediterranean, Aegean, Ionian, Black seas  Travel and trade  Climate  Moderate temp. led outside lifestyle  Greece comprised of peninsula, 2000 islands, eastern edge Aegean  Land  Very mountainous! (3/4 covered w/ mountains)  Travel hard  Led small, independent city states  Little fertile land  Result small population  Lacked natural resources  “Greeks did not live on land, but around a sea.”  Mediterranean, Aegean, Ionian, Black seas  Travel and trade  Climate  Moderate temp. led outside lifestyle

The First “Greeks”: The Mycenaeans  Bronze Age people ( BCE)  Named after city Mycenae  Is believed people warlike  Battle scenes, fortified city walls  Bronze Age people ( BCE)  Named after city Mycenae  Is believed people warlike  Battle scenes, fortified city walls

City of Mycenae

Mycenae City Walls Lions Gate Cyclopean Walls

Mycenaean Artifacts

Shaft Graves Mask of Agamemnon

Beehive Tombs

Minoan Influence on Mycenaeans  Minoans  From Island Crete  Seafaring people  “Peaceful”  Minoan Influences  Overseas trade  Writing  Minoans = Linear A (undecipherable)  Mycenaeans = Linear B (decipherable)  Minoans  From Island Crete  Seafaring people  “Peaceful”  Minoan Influences  Overseas trade  Writing  Minoans = Linear A (undecipherable)  Mycenaeans = Linear B (decipherable)

Heinrich Schliemann  Discovered Mycenae and Troy  Convinced discoveries home legendary Kings Agamemnon and Priam of Trojan War  Epic Poem written by Homer  Iliad  Discovered Mycenae and Troy  Convinced discoveries home legendary Kings Agamemnon and Priam of Trojan War  Epic Poem written by Homer  Iliad

Troy

King Priam’s Treasure

The Greek Dark Ages

(DORIANS} (DORIANS} The Dorian Invasion

Decline in Greek Culture

Homer and Hesiod The Iliad and The Odyssey Theogony and Works and Days

Greek Religion

Basic characteristics  Polytheistic  Hierarchal  Moral guideline  Anything in excess improper  Explained world  Myths  Polytheistic  Hierarchal  Moral guideline  Anything in excess improper  Explained world  Myths

Olympian Gods and Goddesses  Aphrodite- Love & Beauty  Apollo- Sun & Music  Ares- War  Artemis- Hunt  Athena- Wisdom & Arts  Demeter- Harvest  Dionysus- Wine  Aphrodite- Love & Beauty  Apollo- Sun & Music  Ares- War  Artemis- Hunt  Athena- Wisdom & Arts  Demeter- Harvest  Dionysus- Wine  Hades- Underworld  Hephaestus- Metallurgy  Hera- Family  Hermes- Trade  Hestia- Hearth  Poseidon- Sea  Zeus- Sky

Muses

Fates

Furies

Characteristics of Gods  Immortal, but not all powerful  Act like humans, have human vices too  Meddle and mingle w/ humans  Immortal, but not all powerful  Act like humans, have human vices too  Meddle and mingle w/ humans

The Underworld  “Place of Hades”  Early thought = Gloomy Place  Later thought = Place of Judgment  Rewarded or cursed  Fields of Asphodel  Tartarus  Punishment fit crime  “Place of Hades”  Early thought = Gloomy Place  Later thought = Place of Judgment  Rewarded or cursed  Fields of Asphodel  Tartarus  Punishment fit crime

Worship of the Gods  Build temples  National shrines  Oracle of Delphi  Sacrifice  Festivals  Olympics  Build temples  National shrines  Oracle of Delphi  Sacrifice  Festivals  Olympics

Greek City-States

The Polis  Greek City State or Citizen State  “the people” or “the community”  Greek City State or Citizen State  “the people” or “the community”

The Polis continued…  Each polis had an agora (market place) and acropolis (fortified citadel)

Forms of Government MonarchyAristocracyOligarchyDirect Democracy Rule by king Rule hereditary Ruler claim divine right Rule by nobility Rule hereditary Social status, wealth support ruler authority Rule by small group citizens Rule based on wealth or ability Rulers control military Rule by citizens Rule based on citizenship Majority rule decides vote

Athens

Athens: Building a Democracy  Draco  Aristocracy  “Draconian” Law Code  Solon  Democracy  Wealthy hold political office  All citizens participate in Assembly  No Debt slavery  Cleisthenes  Reorganized society: 10 groups based on where lived not wealth  Strengthened power Assembly  Established Council 500  Draco  Aristocracy  “Draconian” Law Code  Solon  Democracy  Wealthy hold political office  All citizens participate in Assembly  No Debt slavery  Cleisthenes  Reorganized society: 10 groups based on where lived not wealth  Strengthened power Assembly  Established Council 500

Athens: Education  Boys educated to be good citizen  Girls taught to be good wives/mothers  Boys educated to be good citizen  Girls taught to be good wives/mothers

Sparta

Sparta: Building a Military State  Messenian “helot” Revolt led to need for strong state  Men serve in military age 7-60  Agoge Agoge  Women received military training; had considerable freedoms  “duty, strength, discipline over freedom, individuality, beauty, learning”  Messenian “helot” Revolt led to need for strong state  Men serve in military age 7-60  Agoge Agoge  Women received military training; had considerable freedoms  “duty, strength, discipline over freedom, individuality, beauty, learning”

Sparta’s Oligarchy  5 Ephors  Chief legal officials; monitor kings  Elected annually  Council of Elders  30 members o/ age 60  Served for life  2 kings  Military  Hereditary position  Assembly  All male citizens  5 Ephors  Chief legal officials; monitor kings  Elected annually  Council of Elders  30 members o/ age 60  Served for life  2 kings  Military  Hereditary position  Assembly  All male citizens

Spartan Society  Spartans  Citizens  Perioikoi  2 nd class citizens  Helots  Slaves  Spartans  Citizens  Perioikoi  2 nd class citizens  Helots  Slaves Sparta Perioikoi Helots