Chapter 22 Section A The Scientific Revolution Medieval View Earth was an unmoving object at the center of the universe All other heavenly bodies moved in perfectly circular The above theory was called the Geocentric Theory (Earth- Centered) The idea came from the Greek philosopher Aristotle The Church taught that God had deliberately placed the Earth at the center of the universe

Aristotle

The Scientific Revolution Scientific Revolution It was based on careful observation and a willingness to question accepted beliefs The Renaissance discoveries of ancient manuscripts showed scholars the ancient scientists and authors often did not agree with one another Scholars of the 15 th Century began visiting Africa, Asia, &the Americas; they found people, plants, and animals previously unknown. Scholars began thinking there may be new truths to discover. The printing press helped to spread challenging ideas European exploration helped to fuel scientific exploration – especially in astronomy and mathematics

The Scientific Revolution A Revolutionary Model of the Universe The first major challenge to accepted scientific thinking came in the field of astronomy Nicholas Copernicus – Polish monk that put forth the Heliocentric Theory (Sun-Centered). He published his works in 1543 (last year of his life). His work was titled On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Bodies.

Copernicus

The Scientific Revolution Johannes Kepler – Student of Tycho Brahe. He agreed with the Heliocentric Theory and believed heavenly bodies followed elliptical orbits. His work showed that Copernicus was right.

Elliptical Heliocentric Theory Tycho Brahe Kepler

The Scientific Revolution Galileo Galilei – At he proved that Aristotle’s theory of a pendulum’s movements was wrong. His theory of a pendulum was called the Law of Pendulum. He proved Aristotle’s theory of falling weights was wrong (experiment from the Leaning Tower of Pisa). He made a telescope and observed heavenly bodies. He recorded his findings in his book Starry Messenger. His findings were found to conflict with Church teachings. After being warned by the Church to remain silent he published, Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems. He was forced to stand trial in front of the Inquisition (1633); signed a confession that Copernicus’ ideas were false and was placed under house arrest until his death in 1642.

Galileo

The Scientific Revolution Scientific Method This is a logical procedure for gathering and testing ideas Method 1.Problem or question arises from observation 2.Form a hypothesis (unproved assumption) 3.Test the hypothesis in an experiment or on the basis of data 4.Analyze and interpret data 5.Reach a conclusion that either confirms or disproves the hypothesis

The Scientific Revolution Francis Bacon – English politician and writer. He believed that by better understanding the world, scientist would generate practical knowledge that would improve people’s lives. He urged scientists to experiment. He believed in the theory of Empiricism or the experimental method.

Francis Bacon

The Scientific Revolution Rene Descartes – He developed analytical geometry, which linked algebra and geometry. He relied on mathematics and logic rather than experimentation. His most famous quotation is, “I think, therefore I am”.

Descartes

The Scientific Revolution Isaac Newton (English) – His great discovery was that the same force ruled the motions of the planets, the pendulum, and all matter on Earth and in space. His key idea linked motion in the heavens with motion on the Earth was the Law of Universal Gravitation. In 1687 he published his ideas in a work called Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy.

Isaac Newton

The Scientific Revolution Scientific Revolution Spreads Zacharias Janssen – (Dutch) invented the first microscope Evangelista Torricelli – Developed the first mercury barometer (a tool used for measuring atmospheric pressure and predicting weather). Gabriel Fahrenheit – (Dutch Physicist) He made the first thermometer to use mercury in glass (1714).

Temperature Systems

The Scientific Revolution Anders Celsius – (Swedish) created another scale for the mercury thermometer (1742). His showed freezing at 0 degrees Celsius. Andreas Vesalius – (Flemish physician) He dissected human corpses and published his findings in his book, On the Fabric of the Human Body (1543). He disproved the writings of an ancient Greek physician named Galen. Edward Jenner – (English) Proved the first vaccine to prevent small poxes.

Vesalius

The Scientific Revolution Robert Boyle – He is considered the founder of modern chemistry. He developed Boyles Law which explains how the volume, temperature, and pressure of gas affect each other. Joseph Priestley – Separated on pure gas from air. Antoine Lavoisier – Named his newly separated gas oxygen.

Robert Boyle

Read Pages Copy and Define the Terms on Page 634 Copy and Answer Questions 12, 13, & 14 on Page 646TA22B