Birth of Marine Science

Cook’s Expedition Methodical Scientific oceanography and Exploration were the only goals of these expeditions Prior sea expeditions were focused on new routes whose goals were financially motivated ____________, invented in 1735, was an accurate clock that was used to determine longitude at sea .

He was an agent of the British Navy and was ordered to locate the southern most continent assumed to exist. It was one of their Exploratory goals Discovered and explored many islands One of them was Australia but concluded that it was not the assumed southern continent Others were New Zealand, Hawaiian islands, West Coast of U.S. and Canada, Bering Strait, Antarctic circle, and many South Pacific Island

He never found Antarctica He had numerous attempts Died in the Hawaiian islands after a failed attempt to find NW passage connecting Pacific and Atlantic oceans above N. America

US exploration Authorized by Congress in 1836, expedition of five ships were to explore the Southern oceans for almost 4 years

It proved the existence of ____________ Lt Wilkes was in charge of _______________________, ____________, i____________, and providing text to document any discoveries Coasts of S. America, and west coast of the U.S. were among the many lands explored. ________________________, test, and illustrations were included in the final report that documented the expedition discoveries It proved the existence of ____________

The (God) Father of Physical Oceanography Matthew Maury became established as an authority on ocean exploration Published detailed research on oceanography and meteorology Presented a system for recording oceanographic data

Published “The Physical Geography of the Sea” Envisioned worldwide patterns for ____________ and ____________ that could be used to make sailing ____________ Published “The Physical Geography of the Sea” Considered to be the first text on modern physical oceanography

Darwin and the H.M.S. Beagle 5 year voyage as the H.M.S. Beagle’s naturalist led to ultimately circling Earth voyage provided the observations he used to conclude ______________________________________________________________________________________________ Coral grows in shallow, upper zone seawater, but coral reefs extend much deeper than this zone They grow from the base up to remain here

His observations, especially in the ____________________, led to his theories on Natural Selection and evolution Published “Origin of Species” in 1859

The Challenger I Expedition First expedition devoted solely to ________________________ Sir Charles Wyville Thomson and Sir John Murray collected physical, geological, chemical, and biological oceanographic data in its 4 year mission Report took 23 years to complete and 50 volumes

Major Accomplishments: Took first soundings deeper than 4000 m (13,123 ft) in the ____________at 8200 m (26,900 ft) Also found the ___________________ Captured biological specimens from mid-water and floor bottom with a towed device

Discovered marine organisms in the deepest parts of the ocean contrary to popular belief Sampled and illustrated plankton from locations not previously studied Identified 715 new genera and 4717 new species NASA challenger was named in it honor

Industrial Revolution Spearheaded the growth and expansion of marine science Revolutionary ships made of ____________ and ran with ____________ ____________, ____________, and ____________ made useful submarines possible Increased economic development and warfare motivated oceanographic research

3 major expeditions The German Meteor expedition Crossed the Atlantic 14 times in 2 years Collected temperature, salinity, and depth information that established patterns for ocean water circulation, nutrient dispersal, and plankton growth in the Atlantic Used 67,400 echo-soundings to create first detailed ocean floor map Used an echo sounder

U.S.S. Atlantis First ship specifically designed and built for ocean studies Design was based on the Meteor's findings Confirmed the existence of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge and mapped it

H.M.S. Challenger II Mission was to measure the depth of the Atlantic, Pacific, and Indian Ocean Used echo-sounding technology in order to map Found the deepest known part