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Unit 2 - Migration

 Human trafficking - is the recruitment, transportation and harbouring of people for the purposes of slavery, forced labor, or servitude (eg. Prostitution).

 It is the fastest growing criminal industry in the world, with the total annual revenue for trafficking estimated to be between $5 billion and $9 billion  Trafficking victims typically are recruited using coercion, deception, fraud, the abuse of power, or abduction.

 Exploitation - The act of utilizing something in an unjust or cruel manner

 Exploitation includes forcing people into prostitution or other forms of sexual exploitation, forced labour or services, slavery or practices similar to slavery and servitude.

For children, exploitation may also include forced prostitution, illicit international adoption, trafficking for early marriage, or recruitment as child soldiers, beggars, for sports (such as child camel jockeys or football players), or for religious cults.

 The parents may sell their children to traffickers in order to pay off debts or gain income or they may be deceived concerning the prospects of training and a better life for their children 134

 lack of employment opportunities  organized crime  economic disparities  social discrimination  corruption in government  political instability  Profitability  growing deprivation

-Insufficient penalties against traffickers -Sex trafficking in minors is fueled by demand -demand is high for prostitutes and other forms of labor in host countries; therefore there is a very profitable market available to those who wish to become handlers

 Labor Trafficking  These workers are made more vulnerable to forced labor practices because of unemployment, poverty, crime, discrimination, corruption and political conflict  Example- Individuals are guilty of subjecting one domestic servant or hundreds of unpaid workers at a factory to involuntary servitude

 Bonded Labor  A person becomes a bonded labourer when his or her labour is demanded as a means of repayment for a loan. The person is then tricked or trapped into working for very little or no pay, often for seven days a week. The value of their work is invariably greater than the original sum of money borrowed.  Example – working for a landlord

Domestic Servitude Children are particularly vulnerable to domestic servitude which occurs in private homes, and is often unregulated by public authorities. For example, there is great demand in some wealthier countries of Asia and the Persian Gulf for domestic servants who sometimes fall victim to conditions of involuntary servitude

 Forced Child Labor  “Millions of children are engaged in hazardous situations or conditions, such as working in mines, working with chemicals and pesticides in agriculture or working with dangerous machinery. They are everywhere but invisible, toiling as domestic servants in homes, labouring behind the walls of workshops, hidden from view in plantations.” - UNICEF  Children living in the poorest households and in rural areas are most likely to be engaged in child labour

Tactics used by traffickers:  Withholding of legal documents  threats and acts of physical harm to victim and victims’ family  rape  kidnapping  isolation and confinement  denial of medical care  manipulation and psychological abuse

Can you guess the number of traffickers in 2004 who have been convicted by the Federal Government: ????

 43  Report on Activities to Combat Human Trafficking, Fiscal Years , United States Department of Justice

Source – United Nations, Office on Drugs and Crime