Guide to the Ancient World History

I. History and Historiography 1. Introduction History History Broadest Sense: is the totality of all past events; Broadest Sense: is the totality of all past events; limited Sense: is the known past. limited Sense: is the known past. Historiography: The written record of Historiography: The written record of What is known of human lives and societies in the past; What is known of human lives and societies in the past; How historians have attempted to understand them. How historians have attempted to understand them. Historian: Historian: To collect and record facts about the human past; To collect and record facts about the human past; To discover new facts. To discover new facts.

I. History and Historiography 2. Sources and Facts Sources Sources Testimony from living witnesses; Testimony from living witnesses; Narrative records Narrative records Previous histories Previous histories Memoirs Memoirs Letters Letters Imaginative literature; Imaginative literature;

I. History and Historiography 2. Sources and Facts Sources Sources Testimony from living witnesses; Testimony from living witnesses; The legal and financial records of courts, legislatures, religious institutions, or businesses; The legal and financial records of courts, legislatures, religious institutions, or businesses; The unwritten information derived from the physical remains of past civilizations The unwritten information derived from the physical remains of past civilizations Architecture Architecture Arts Arts Crafts Crafts Burial Grounds Burial Grounds Cultivated Land. Cultivated Land.

I. History and Historiography 2. Sources and Facts Sources Sources Evidence & Facts Evidence & Facts Sources provide the evidence Sources provide the evidence To decipher facts from the evidence To decipher facts from the evidence

I. History and Historiography 3. Interpretation and Form Interpretation Interpretation Selection, arrangement, and explanation of historical facts Selection, arrangement, and explanation of historical facts Selection of a subject Selection of a subject Historiography and Literary Art Historiography and Literary Art

II. Civilizations 1. Definition: a developed or advanced state of human society 2. Description People live in urban centers People live in urban centers People have productive survival, such as agriculture and smelting metals People have productive survival, such as agriculture and smelting metals People have live in the complex political, economic and social structure, under religious and law abiding People have live in the complex political, economic and social structure, under religious and law abiding People have developed a method of writing in all meanings of the word People have developed a method of writing in all meanings of the word

III. Why Study Ancient World Cultures? 1. A part of a tradition of intellectual development 2. To Open Our Mind We must always guard against the assumption that other people think as we do -- or that they should. Reading about ancient cultures is thus reading about other people whose lives were surely different from our own. These differences may help us better to see -- and know -- the limits of our culture and the limits of our language and experience. We must always guard against the assumption that other people think as we do -- or that they should. Reading about ancient cultures is thus reading about other people whose lives were surely different from our own. These differences may help us better to see -- and know -- the limits of our culture and the limits of our language and experience. A culture includes both the dominant tradition and its transgression A culture includes both the dominant tradition and its transgression

IV. Prehistory 1. Time before written records appeared 2. The Stone Age, the Bronze Age, and the Iron Age 3. The nature and events of prehistory can be reconstructed through archaeology

V. Stone Age 1. Introduction Definition: Stone as the principal raw material for tools Definition: Stone as the principal raw material for tools million years ago million years ago Distinguish between human and other animals: stone tool-making and tool-using Distinguish between human and other animals: stone tool-making and tool-using Beginning of the Stone Age Beginning of the Stone Age

V. Stone Age 2. Study of the Stone Age The Origin of the Term "Stone Age" The Origin of the Term "Stone Age"

V. Stone Age 2. Study of the Stone Age The Origin of the Term "Stone Age" The Origin of the Term "Stone Age" General Concepts General Concepts Anthropology and Archaelolgy Anthropology and Archaelolgy Stone Artifact Stone Artifact Artifact: Objects that have been modified by human action, either intentionally or unintentionally.. Tool: Something that has been used by a human for some purpose. Human Evolution Human Evolution Genus Homo and Genus Australopithecus Genus Homo and Genus Australopithecus Homo habilis, Homo rudolfensis, Homo erectus, Homo Neandertals, Homo sapiens Homo habilis, Homo rudolfensis, Homo erectus, Homo Neandertals, Homo sapiens

V. Stone Age 2. Study of the Stone Age The Origin of the Term "Stone Age" The Origin of the Term "Stone Age" General Concepts General Concepts Stone Age Tool-making Technology Stone Age Tool-making Technology Techniques Techniques Core, Flakes, Retouched Piece, Hammer-stone Core, Flakes, Retouched Piece, Hammer-stone

V. Stone Age 2. Study of the Stone Age The Origin of the Term "Stone Age" The Origin of the Term "Stone Age" General Concepts General Concepts Stone Age Tool-making Technology Stone Age Tool-making Technology Techniques Techniques Core, Flakes, Retouched Piece, Hammer-stone Core, Flakes, Retouched Piece, Hammer-stone Industry Industry

V. Stone Age 3. Divisions of the Stone Age Paleolithic: Old Stone Age, the stage in which stone tools were flaked. Paleolithic: Old Stone Age, the stage in which stone tools were flaked. Mesolithic: Middle Stone Age, the period is characterized by the creation of implements. Mesolithic: Middle Stone Age, the period is characterized by the creation of implements. Neolithic: New Stone Age, the stage in which ground and polished stone tools became prevalent. Neolithic: New Stone Age, the stage in which ground and polished stone tools became prevalent.

V. Stone Age 4. Lower Paleolithic Date: year ago Date: year ago Oldowan Industry Oldowan Industry Stone Artifacts Stone Artifacts

Oldowan Tools

Oldowan Toolmaking

V. Stone Age 4. Lower Paleolithic Date: year ago Date: year ago Oldowan Industry Oldowan Industry Stone Artifacts Stone Artifacts Other Tools Other Tools Sites Sites Hominids: Homo erectus Hominids: Homo erectus Daily Life Daily Life To live near water sources To live near water sources To transport stone several kilometers to other sites To transport stone several kilometers to other sites To Process Animals Carcass To Process Animals Carcass

V. Stone Age 4. Lower Paleolithic Date: year ago Date: year ago Oldowan Industry Oldowan Industry Stone Artifacts Stone Artifacts Other Tools Other Tools Sites Sites Hominids: Homo erectus Hominids: Homo erectus Daily Life Daily Life Food Food Meat from animal carcasses Meat from animal carcasses Hunting smaller animals Hunting smaller animals Plant foods Plant foods

V. Stone Age 4. Lower Paleolithic Date: year ago Date: year ago Oldowan Industry Oldowan Industry Acheulean Industry Acheulean Industry Acheulean hand axe Acheulean hand axe

Early Acheulean Handaxe

Late Acheulean Handaxe

V. Stone Age 4. Lower Paleolithic Date: year ago Date: year ago Oldowan Industry Oldowan Industry Acheulean Industry Acheulean Industry Acheulean hand axe Acheulean hand axe Oval-shaped form, Bifacial Flaking, Soft-hammer Technique Not to replace Oldowan tools entirely Most of sites in Africa, Europe and western Asia, few in East Asia Sites Sites Hunting Hunting Fire Fire

V. Stone Age 5. Middle Paleolithic (ca. 200,000-30,000 years ago) Levallois Produced Tools Levallois Produced Tools Neandertals Neandertals

Neandertal Bones

Neandertal and Modern Human Skulls

V. Stone Age 5. Middle Paleolithic (ca. 200,000-30,000 years ago) Levallois Produced Tools Levallois Produced Tools Neandertals Neandertals Sites Sites Germany: Neander Valley Germany: Neander Valley Iraq: Shānidār Iraq: Shānidār Israel: Tabun, Amud Israel: Tabun, Amud China: Dali, Maba China: Dali, Maba South Africa: Florisbad South Africa: Florisbad

V. Stone Age 5. Middle Paleolithic (ca. 200,000-30,000 years ago) Levallois Produced Tools Levallois Produced Tools Neandertals Neandertals Sites Sites Hunting Hunting Dailylife Dailylife Fire use and Fire-making Fire use and Fire-making Evidence of housing Evidence of housing Hominids’ Spread: Australia, by 40,000 years ago Hominids’ Spread: Australia, by 40,000 years ago Culture: burials, ornaments Culture: burials, ornaments

V. Stone Age 6. Upper Paleolithic (c.a. 40,000 – 10,000 years ago) Characteristics of Upper Paleolithic Characteristics of Upper Paleolithic Stone Artifacts Stone Artifacts Human’s Spread: American Continents (12,000-10,000 years ago) Human’s Spread: American Continents (12,000-10,000 years ago) Cro-Magnon Man Cro-Magnon Man

V. Stone Age 6. Upper Paleolithic (c.a. 40,000 – 10,000 years ago, Paleo-Indian Period, Later Stone Age) Characteristics of Upper Paleolithic Characteristics of Upper Paleolithic Innovations of the Upper Paleolithic Innovations of the Upper Paleolithic Tools Tools Tools of bone, antler and ivory Tools of bone, antler and ivory Lamps Lamps Bow and arrow Bow and arrow Composite technology Composite technology Hunting and gathering Hunting and gathering

Mammoth Hunt

V. Stone Age 6. Upper Paleolithic (c.a. 40,000 – 10,000 years ago, Paleo-Indian Period, Later Stone Age) Characteristics of Upper Paleolithic Characteristics of Upper Paleolithic Innovations of the Upper Paleolithic Innovations of the Upper Paleolithic Upper Paleolithic Culture Upper Paleolithic Culture Housing: hut or tent Housing: hut or tent Trade and transport Trade and transport Burial Burial Upper Paleolithic Art Upper Paleolithic Art

Cave Painting

Cave Artin southeastern France

V. Stone Age 7. Mesolithic (ca 10,000 – 7,000 years ago) Foodstuffs Foodstuffs Technological Innovations Technological Innovations

Stone Point for Making Spears

Jōmon Pottery

V. Stone Age 8. Neolithic (ca 9,000 – 5,000 years ago) Revolution in the history of human Revolution in the history of human More permanent settlements More permanent settlements Much Larger Populations Much Larger Populations Accumulation of surpluses and wealth Accumulation of surpluses and wealth Development of more profound status and rank differences within populations Development of more profound status and rank differences within populations Rise of specialized crafts Rise of specialized crafts

V. Stone Age 8. Neolithic (ca 9,000 – 5,000 years ago) Revolution in the history of human Revolution in the history of human Tool-making Tool-making Blade and bladelet technologies Blade and bladelet technologies Ground and polished axes Ground and polished axes Grinding Stones for the Processing of Cereal Foods Grinding Stones for the Processing of Cereal Foods Use of Pottery for Surplus Food Storage and Cooking Use of Pottery for Surplus Food Storage and Cooking Construction of Granaries for Storage of Grains Construction of Granaries for Storage of Grains Use of Plant for Textile Use of Plant for Textile Weaving Technology Weaving Technology

V. Stone Age 8. Neolithic (ca 9,000 – 5,000 years ago) Revolution in the history of human Revolution in the history of human Tool-making Tool-making The Rise of Farming The Rise of Farming The reasons of farming The reasons of farming Population pressure or changes in environment Population pressure or changes in environment Region where it was relatively easy to domesticate wild plants and animals Region where it was relatively easy to domesticate wild plants and animals Function of social change Function of social change

V. Stone Age 8. Neolithic (ca 9,000 – 5,000 years ago) Revolution in the history of human Revolution in the history of human Tool-making Tool-making The Rise of Farming The Rise of Farming The reasons of farming The reasons of farming Crops Crops Near East: wheat, barley, legumes, grapes, and olives Near East: wheat, barley, legumes, grapes, and olives China: millet and rice China: millet and rice Africa: millet, African rice, and yams Africa: millet, African rice, and yams Southeast Asia: Rice, bananas, coconuts, and yams Southeast Asia: Rice, bananas, coconuts, and yams Americas: corn, squash, beans, potatoes, peppers, sunflowers Americas: corn, squash, beans, potatoes, peppers, sunflowers

V. Stone Age 8. Neolithic (ca 9,000 – 5,000 years ago) Revolution in the history of human Revolution in the history of human Tool-making Tool-making The Rise of Farming The Rise of Farming The reasons of farming The reasons of farming Crops Crops Domesticated animals Domesticated animals Eurasia: dogs, sheep, goats, cattle, pigs, chickens, ducks, and water buffalo Eurasia: dogs, sheep, goats, cattle, pigs, chickens, ducks, and water buffalo Americas: dogs, turkeys, llamas, alpacas Americas: dogs, turkeys, llamas, alpacas Africa: cattle, sheep, and goats Africa: cattle, sheep, and goats Architectural developments Architectural developments

V. Stone Age 8. Neolithic (ca 9,000 – 5,000 years ago) Revolution in the history of human Revolution in the history of human Tool-making Tool-making The Rise of Farming The Rise of Farming Neolithic Social Change Neolithic Social Change Wealth for some individuals Wealth for some individuals Social differentiation Social differentiation Trade between different areas Trade between different areas More complex social organization More complex social organization

V. Stone Age 9. The End of the Stone Age Metal tools: copper, Bronze Metal tools: copper, Bronze The rise of the earliest state societies and civilizations The rise of the earliest state societies and civilizations

VI. Bronze Age 1. Bronze Age, the time in the development of any human culture, when most tools and weapons were made of bronze. 2. Bronze came into use, and was again replaced by iron, at different times in different parts of the world. Middle East: 4500 BC Middle East: 4500 BC Asia Minor: 3000 BC Asia Minor: 3000 BC Greece: 3000 BC Greece: 3000 BC China: 1800 BC China: 1800 BC Americas: AD 1000 Americas: AD 1000

VII. Iron Age Iron Age, period in the development of any culture, when iron was commonly used for making tools and weapons.

What are the reasons for the late beginning of agriculture? What are the reasons for the late beginning of agriculture? What forced the change to agriculture between 10,000 and 2,000 years ago? What forced the change to agriculture between 10,000 and 2,000 years ago?