03/30/031 ECE 551: Digital System Design & Synthesis Lecture Set 9 9.1: Constraints and Timing 9.2: Optimization (In separate file)

03/31/032 ECE Digital System Design & Synthesis Lecture Constraints and Timing Overview  Constraint Concepts  Constraint Classification Design Rule Constraints Optimization Constraints Defining timing paths and path delays Setting Constraints

03/31/033 Overview (continued)  Signal Interface Constraints Drive characteristics for input ports Load characteristics on output ports Input delays and output delays

03/31/034 Constraint Concepts  Constraints are used to: Define limitations required for the target technology to function properly Specify the environment in which the design must function in terms of input drive, output loading, temperature, power supply voltage, etc. Specify the design goals (other than functionality) in terms of bounds on input loading, output drive, area, performance, and power consumption.

03/31/035 References  Design Compiler User Guide (DCUG)  Design Compiler Reference Manual: Constraints and Timing (DCRM)  Design Compiler Reference Manual: Optimization and Timing Analysis (DCRMO)

03/31/036 Classification of Constraints  Design rule constraints Implicit constraints defined by the technology library Required for the design to function correctly Apply to any design using the library  Optimization constraints Explicit constraints defined by the user Represent design goals

03/31/037 Design Constraints  Figure 1-1 RMCT (See Next Slide)  Constraints: Maximum Transition Time Maximum Fanout Maximum and minimum capacitance Cell degradation  Cannot remove default values from tech lib  Can make more restrictive than tech lib values

03/31/038

9 Maximum Transition Time  Maximum transition time for a net is the longest time required for its driving pin to change logical values. Implies that slow transitions are to be avoided. What’s wrong with slow transitions?  Can be made more restrictive using set_max_transition

03/31/0310 Maximum Fanout  Places fanout restrictions on driving pins  Each driven input or driven output port has a fanout_load value  Each driving output has a max_fanout value  Sum of driven fanout_loads must be no more than max_fanout of driver  Fanout_load is dimensionless, typically a value normalized to some unit capacitance  Can be made more restrictive by using set_max_fanout and set_fanout_load

03/31/0311 Maximum and Minimum Capacitance  Permits limiting capacitance directly rather than implicitly using max_fanout and max_transition  Can make more restrictive by using set_max_capacitance  Similar for minimum capacitance which is more of a modeling constraint and has lower priority in terms of being met.

03/31/0312 Cell Degradation  Delays are often determined with an “ideal” input transition time on a cell  As the input transition time increases, delay increases for a given capacitive load increase  Cell degradation tables that list maximum capacitance that can be driven by a cell as a function of transition times at the inputs of a cell.  compile_fix_cell_degradation to fix table and set_cell_degradation to specify degradation.

03/31/0313 Precedence for Design Rule Constraints  Default higher priority than optimization constraints  Descending order of priority Minimum capacitance* Maximum transition Maximum fanout Maximum capacitance Cell degradation  Try not to apply multiple constraints from list * Contradicts another statement in DCRM!

03/31/0314 Transition Time Calculation  CMOS delay model: Transition Time = Drive R X Load C  Non-linear delay model: Transition Time from table lookup and interpolation  Set_driving_cell and set_drive give different behavior If R-C model, same If Nonlinear model,  set_driving_cell calculates transition time dynamically  set_drive picks a value from midrange in table

03/31/0315 Design Rule Constraints Summary set_max_fanoutInput ports or designs set_fanout_loadOutput ports set_loadPorts or nets set_maximum_transition Ports or designs set_cell_degradation Input ports set_min_capacitance Input ports

03/31/0316 Optimization Constraints  Timing constraints (performance & speed) Timing paths Constraint violations Input and output delays (synchronous paths) minimum and maximum delays (asynchronous paths)  Maximum area (# of gates)  Minimum porosity (routability)

03/31/0317 Timing Paths  Timing path structure: FF IN OUT CLK Primary input to primary output Primary input to register Register to register Register to to primary output

03/31/0318  Synchronous  Slack - the extra time available for signals to propagate from the clock to the input of a flip-flop (FF)  slack = clock period - path delay - setup Constraint Violations clock period Maximum FF, combinational and wiring delay slack setup

03/31/0319  Synchronous  “Hold” Slack - the extra delay present for signals to propagate from the clock to the input of a flip-flop (FF)  slack = path delay - clock period - hold Constraint Violations (continued) CORRECTED clock period Minimum FF, combinational and wiring delay slack hold

03/31/0320 Constraint Violations (continued)  Synchronous Timing Violations Setup Time  Uses maximum path delay (worst case model)  Violation if slack < 0 Hold Time  Uses minimum path delay (best case model)  Violation if slack < 0

03/31/0321 Constraint Violations  Asynchronous  Constraint Violation if slack < 0 maximum delay combinational and wiring delay slack

03/31/0322 Constraint Violations  Asynchronous  Constraint Violation if slack < 0 minimum delay combinational and wiring delay slack

03/31/0323 Clock, Input Delay and Output Delay FF IN OUT CLK input_delay output_delay CLK The two clock signals are the same signal drawn to different scales. Primary input to primary output Primary input to register

03/31/0324 Clocks, Input Delay and Output Delay (continued)  Examples: create_clock -period 3.3 CLK  Establishes a clock CLK with period 3.3 ns create_clock -period 3.3 -waveform (10,25) \ -name SYS_CLK  Establishes virtual clock for system without a clock set_input_delay 0.3 -clock CLK IN  Value on IN is available 0.3 ns after CLK set_output_delay 1.0 -clock CLK OUT  Value on OUT must be available 1.0 ns before CLK

03/31/0325 Maximum Delay and Minimum Delay FF IN OUT CLK Primary input to primary output max_delay min_delay Primary input to register max_delay min_delay

03/31/0326 Maximum Delay and Minimum Delay (continued)  Examples: set_maximum_delay 2.5 -from IN -to OUT  Specifies that the delay from IN to OUT is to be no more than 2.5 ns set_minimum_delay 1.0 -from IN -to OUT  Specifies that the delay from IN to OUT is to be no less than 1.0 ns set_maximum_delay 1.5 -from IN -to FF1/D

03/31/0327 Maximum Area  set_max_area area Specifies the maximum allowable area of the design in area units of the technology

03/31/0328 Minimum Porosity  Effective only for two-layer metal technology (therefore not used in our work)  set_min_porosity porosity [design list] Specifies the part of the total cell area to be used for over the cell routing porosity - a percentage ratio of routing track area over cells to cell area; from 0 to 90.