Lecture # 15: The Skeletal System-1 (Chapter 8) Objectives: 1- Identify the bones of the axial and appendicular skeletons. 2- Describe the general structure and components of the vertebral column. 3- Describe the criteria used to classify joints structurally and functionally. 4- Describe the anatomical features common to all synovial joints, the six types of synovial joints, and the movements allowed at each type.

Anatomical Features (markings) of Bones Projections that help to form joints: Head of the femur Head of the humerus Olecranon process Process: Any bony prominence Costal facets Condyles

Projections that are sites of muscle and ligament attachment: Tibial tuberosity Trochanters Linea aspera Anterior crest Epicondyle Condyle Lesser tubercle Spine of scapula

Passages and cavities: Depressions: Alveolus: A pit or socket (tooth socket) Frontal sinus Hypophyseal Fossa Fovea capitis Fovea: A small pit Auditory canal Internal acoustic meatus Passages and cavities: Canal: A tubular passage or tunnel in a bone Superior orbital fissure Infraorbital foramen Meatus: An opening into a canal Alveolus

Appendicular Skeleton Axial Skeleton Appendicular Skeleton

Hyoid bone Axial Skeleton Skull Vertebral column Thoracic or rib cage

Cranial and Facial Bones Sagittal suture Coronal suture Frontal bone Parietal bone Ethmoid bone Sphenoid bone Nasal bone Occipital bone Lacrimal bone Squamous suture Squamous Region Maxilla Lambdoid suture Zygomatic bone Temporal bone Zygomatic process Temporal process External acoustic meatus Mandibular condyle Mastoid process Styloid process Mandible Mental foramen

Cranial and Facial Bones Coronal suture FRONTAL BONE Squamous suture PARIETAL BONE SPHENOID BONE TEMPORAL BONE ETHMOID BONE Zygomatic process NASAL BONE LACRIMAL BONE Mandibular fossa External acoustic meatus ZYGOMATIC BONE MAXILLA OCCIPITAL BONE Mandibular condyle Mastoid process Styloid process CRANIAL BONES MANDIBLE FACIAL BONES Lateral view

Perpendicular plate of Ethmoid Parietal bone Frontal bone Supraorbital foramen Supraorbital margin Temporal bone Nasal bone Sphenoid bone Lacrimal bone Ethmoid bone Perpendicular plate of Ethmoid Middle nasal concha Infraorbital foramen Vomer Zygomatic bone Inferior nasal concha Maxilla Mandible Mental foramen

Perpendicular plate of ethmoid Septal cartilage Nasal septum Vomer Perpendicular plate of ethmoid Septal cartilage Supra-orbital foramen Infra-orbital foramen Middle nasal concha Alveolar process of maxilla Inferior nasal concha Alveolar process of mandible Mental foramen

Anterior view FRONTAL BONE NASAL BONE PARIETAL BONE TEMPORAL BONE SPHENOID BONE LACRIMAL BONE Middle nasal concha (part of ethmoid) ETHMOID BONE ZYGOMATIC BONE Perpendicular plate of ethmoid bone INFERIOR NASAL CONCHA VOMER MAXILLA MANDIBLE CRANIAL BONES FACIAL BONES

Crista galli of ethmoid bone Frontal bone Crista galli of ethmoid bone Cribriform plate of ethmoid bone Sphenoid bone Sella turcica Hypophyseal fossa Temporal bone Petrous region Parietal bone Foramen magnum Occipital bone

Crista galli of ethmoid bone Cribriform plate of ethmoid bone Optic foramina SPHENOID BONE Hypophyseal fossa Sella turcica Petrous region of temporal bone Foramen magnum OCCIPITAL BONE Interior view

Palatine process of maxilla Hard (bonny) palate Zygomatic bone Zygomatic arch Temporal process Palatine bone Zygomatic process Vomer Sphenoid bone Mandibular fossa Styloid process External acoustic meatus Occipital condyles Mastoid process Foramen magnum Temporal bone Parietal bone Lambdoid suture Occipital bone

Palatine process of maxilla Hard (bonny) palate Palatine process of maxilla PALATINE BONE Zygomatic arch Temporal process Zygomatic process VOMER BONE Mandibular fossa Styloid process TEMPORAL BONE External acoustic meatus Occipital condyles Mastoid process Foramen magnum OCCIPITAL BONE Inferior view

Vertebra Column Functions: 1- Supports the skull and trunk, and allows for their movement Cervical vertebrae 2- Protects the spinal cord 3- Absorbs stress of walking, running, and lifting 4- Provides attachments for limbs thoracic cage, and postural muscles Thoracic vertebrae Cervical curvature Thoracic curvature Lumbar vertebrae Lumbar curvature Sacrum Pelvic curvature Coccyx

Abnormal Spinal Curvatures Scoliosis: It is an abnormal lateral curvature, due to a developmental abnormality in which the body and arch fail to develop on one side of the vertebrae. It is the most common, usually in thoracic region. It is particularly frequent in adolescent girls Lordosis (swayback): It is an exaggerated lumbar curvature. It is from pregnancy or obesity Kyphosis (hunchback): It is an exaggerated thoracic curvature, usually from osteoporosis, also osteomalacia or spinal tuberculosis, or wrestling or weightlifting in young boys

Intervertebral discs (fibrocartilage) Intervertebral foramina E. The Vertebral Column Cervical region (7 vertebrae) C7 T1 T12 L1 L5 Atlas (C1) Axis (C2) Thoracic region (12 vertebrae) Intervertebral discs (fibrocartilage) Lumbar region (5 vertebrae) Intervertebral foramina Sacral region (5 vertebrae) Sacrum Coccygeal region (3 or 4 vertebrae) Coccyx Lateral view

Posterior Spinous process Superior articular facet Transverse process Vertebral foramen Body Anterior

Atlantoaxial joint (pivot joint) Dens Axis of rotation Superior articular facet ( articulates with the occipital condyle) Atlas Transverse ligament Axis

Occipital Parietal Occipital Parietal Occipital condyles

Bifid tip of spinous process Cervical Vertebra Bifid tip of spinous process Spinous process Transverse process Vertebral foramen Body Spinous process Transverse foramen Body Transverse foramen Superior view Lateral view

Thoracic Vertebra Body Superior view Lateral view Transverse costal facet for tubercle of rib Spinous process Superior costal facet for head of rib Vertebral foramen Body Inferior costal facet for head of rib Superior costal facet for head of rib Spinous process Superior view Lateral view

Lumbar Vertebra Body Superior view Lateral view Spinous process Transverse process Vertebral foramen Body Spinous process Superior view Lateral view

A comparison of vertebrae from cervical, thoracic and lumbar regions Superior view Lateral view Cervical (7) Thoracic (12) Lumbar (5)

Intervertebral foramina Transverse foramina of cervical vertebrae are passageways for vertebral artery (and vein, no shown) Transverse foramina Intervertebral foramina are passageways for spinal nerves running to or from the enclosed spinal cord Intervertebral foramina Together, the vertebral foramina of successive vertebrae form the vertebral canal , which encloses the spinal cord Vertebral foramen

Superior articular processes Sacrum and Coccyx Superior articular processes It articulates with the last lumbar vertebra (L5) Sacrum (Fused components of 5 vertebrae) S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 Anterior view Posterior view Coccyx (3 to 5 coccygeal vertebrae) Coccyx

True or vertebrosternal ribs (ribs 1-7) The Thoracic Cage T1 True or vertebrosternal ribs (ribs 1-7) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Costal cartilages They are connected to the sternum by separated costal cartilages T12 False ribs (ribs 8-12) 8 9 12 11 Floating or vertebral (11,12) L1 10 Floating ribs

The Sternum Anterior view Jugular notch Manubrium Sternal angle Body It articulates with the sternal end of the scapula Sternal angle Body Xiphoid process Anterior view